Question 1

According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming, what is "synthesized" in dreaming?

Accepted Answer

According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming, during REM sleep, the brainstem sends random neural signals to the cortex, which then synthesizes these signals into dreams by incorporating various memories and sensations that are internally generated by the brain. Thus, what is "synthesized" in dreaming according to this theory are the random neural signals originating from the brainstem, combined with internally generated memories and sensations.

Question 2

Sleep researchers who study disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep, including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy, are interested in a broad category of sleep disorders called:

Accepted Answer

Sleep researchers who study disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep, including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy, are interested in a broad category of sleep disorders called dyssomnias. Parasomnias refer to abnormal behaviors or movements during sleep, dissociative states refer to a disconnection from reality, and lucid dreaming states refer to a state where the dreamer is aware they are dreaming.

Question 3

After traveling overseas to visit his family, Sanjay experienced _____, a condition that can occur when circadian rhythms are drastically out of synchronization with daylight and darkness.

Accepted Answer

Jet lag is a condition that can occur when traveling across multiple time zones, causing a disruption in the body's natural circadian rhythm. The symptoms include fatigue, insomnia, and general feelings of malaise. Narcolepsy is a disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden bouts of sleep, but it is not directly related to travel. Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, but it is not necessarily related to jet lag. Rebound sleep is a term used to describe the phenomenon of sleeping more than usual after a period of sleep deprivation, but it is not directly related to jet lag.

Question 4

Mac has been driving for almost 30 hours straight because he was promised a $1,000 bonus if he delivers his truckload of refrigerated roses by 5:00 A.M. the next morning. As Mac drives through the night and gets progressively more tired, he is likely to experience:

Accepted Answer

As Mac gets progressively more tired, he is likely to experience very brief episodes of sleep called microsleeps. These episodes can last for a few seconds to a minute and can occur without the person even realizing it. Mac's continued driving in a sleep-deprived state also increases the risk of accidents and impaired judgment.

Question 5

While taking his psychology quiz, Walter was keenly aware of his thoughts, sensations, memories, and different aspects of the surrounding environment. Collectively, this awareness is referred to as one's:

Accepted Answer

Consciousness refers to the awareness of one's thoughts, sensations, and surroundings. It is the state of being awake and aware of one's existence and surroundings.

Question 6

REM stands for:

Accepted Answer

REM stands for rapid eye movements, which are a characteristic feature of the deepest stage of sleep, also known as REM sleep. During this stage, the eyes move rapidly in different directions, while the rest of the body remains paralyzed.

Question 7

According to the activation-synthesis model, _____ represents the process by which the brain synthesizes and integrates fragments of memories, emotions, and sensations that are internally generated.

Accepted Answer

According to the activation-synthesis model, dreaming represents the process by which the brain synthesizes and integrates fragments of memories, emotions, and sensations that are internally generated. REM sleep is the stage of sleep during which dreaming occurs, but it is not the process itself. NREM stages 1 and 2 are not associated with dreaming.

Question 8

Research indicates that yawning is:

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that yawning is often followed by an increase in alertness and activity level, possibly due to its role in regulating brain temperature and promoting wakefulness.

Question 9

Keagan is experiencing the effects of posthypnotic suggestions. If Keagan is like the average person, these effects will:

Accepted Answer

Posthypnotic suggestions typically only last for a few hours or days in the average person. While some may experience them for longer periods of time, permanent effects or effects lasting for a year are not common. Peak levels of the effects also vary depending on the individual and the specific suggestion.

Question 10

_____ is an unfolding sequence of perceptions, thoughts, and emotions during sleep that is experienced as a series of real-life events.

Accepted Answer

A dream is an unfolding sequence of perceptions, thoughts, and emotions during sleep that is experienced as a series of real-life events. It is a normal and common experience for most people during the REM (rapid eye movement) stage of sleep.

Question 11

Ava is a newborn baby. About how much time does Ava spend in REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

Newborns, like Ava, spend about 50 percent of their sleep time in REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, which is significantly higher than the percentage of REM sleep in adults.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a parasomnia?

Accepted Answer

Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) is an example of parasomnia, which is a category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur during sleep or when transitioning from sleep to wakefulness. SRED is characterized by episodes of eating during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which may involve binge eating, unusual food choices, and little or no awareness or memory of the event.

Question 13

Mike suffers from narcolepsy. Sometimes when he is very excited or experiencing intense emotions, he suddenly loses voluntary muscle strength and control and collapses, a phenomenon called:

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon where Mike suddenly loses voluntary muscle strength and control and collapses when he is very excited or experiencing intense emotions is called cataplexy, which is a common symptom of narcolepsy. Dissociative anesthesia refers to a loss of sensation or feeling, sleep paralysis refers to being unable to move or speak while transitioning between sleep and wakefulness, and somnambulism refers to sleepwalking.

Question 14

During his therapy session, Brent told his psychotherapist that he had a recurring dream in which he was fighting a pilot on an airplane and struggling to take over the controls. In terms of Freud's psychoanalytic view of dreams, the airplane, the pilot, and fighting would all be considered to be the dream's _____ content.

Accepted Answer

In Freud's psychoanalytic view, the manifest content of a dream includes the actual literal content and storyline of the dream, such as the objects, people, and events that occur in the dream. In this case, the airplane, the pilot, and the fighting are all parts of the dream's storyline, making them part of its manifest content.

Question 15

A lucid dream is a dream:

Accepted Answer

A lucid dream is a dream in which the dreamer becomes aware that they are dreaming while still asleep. It may result in clearer and more vivid content that the dreamer can recall in the morning, but the key characteristic is the awareness of dreaming. Sleep deprivation or a particular color scheme are not defining features of lucid dreams.

Question 16

_____ is the capacity to selectively focus your senses on particular stimuli or aspects of the environment.

Accepted Answer

Attention is the capacity to selectively focus on particular stimuli or aspects of the environment while filtering out others. Consciousness refers to the state of being awake and aware of one's surroundings, while awareness is the ability to perceive and understand one's environment. Memory is the ability to store and retrieve information.

Question 17

German psychiatrist Hans Berger advanced the scientific study of sleep when he:

Accepted Answer

Hans Berger invented the electroencephalograph (EEG), which measures electrical activity in the brain and is a key tool in the study of sleep. The EEG allows researchers to identify different sleep stages and patterns, including REM sleep. While Berger's work didn't specifically identify patterns of REM sleep in primates and humans, his invention paved the way for others to do so.

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Option C is true. There are more than 100 different bodily processes that systematically vary over the course of each day, including blood pressure, the secretion of hormones, and pain sensitivity. Option A is false. While the suprachiasmatic nucleus plays a role in regulating circadian rhythms, it does so by responding to light rather than releasing melatonin. Option B is false. Circadian rhythms can be influenced by changes in sleep-wake schedules, such as those experienced during jet lag or shift work. Option D is false. While serotonin and dopamine are important neurotransmitters, neither regulates the 24-hour biological clock.

Question 19

Research indicates that nightmares:

Accepted Answer

Research shows that nightmares are normal and occur occasionally in healthy individuals. However, if they occur frequently, cause difficulties returning to sleep, or cause daytime distress, they may be an indication of psychological or sleep disorders. Therefore, option B is the most appropriate answer.

Question 20

A state of increased physiological arousal along with a sensation of falling refers to a condition called:

Accepted Answer

Sleep terrors involve a state of increased physiological arousal (e.g. rapid heart rate, sweating) along with a sensation of falling, as well as screaming, intense fear, and a sense of danger or threat. This condition usually occurs during non-REM sleep, and the individual may not remember the episode in the morning.

Quiz 4: Section 5: Consciousness and Its Variations