Question 1

According to Freud, the Oedipus complex produces _____ in young boys and _____ in young girls.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that young boys experience castration anxiety as they fear punishment from their father for their sexual attraction to their mother. Young girls, on the other hand, experience penis envy as they feel inferior due to their lack of a penis.

Question 2

Zelda describes herself as shy, hardworking, compassionate, and organized. Zelda's analysis of her own personality is MOST similar to which perspective on personality?

Accepted Answer

Zelda's self-description fits with the trait perspective, which focuses on identifying and measuring specific personality traits that help explain behavior. She describes herself using specific traits, such as shy and organized, rather than unconscious drives or environmental factors.

Question 3

The five-factor model of personality describes personality in terms of:

Accepted Answer

The five-factor model of personality, also known as the Big Five, includes neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

Question 4

Latency is to _____ as reaction formation is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Latency is a psychosexual stage, while reaction formation is an ego defense mechanism according to Freudian theory.

Question 5

Eros likes to seek out stimulating environments. According to Eysenck's theory, Eros would be described as:

Accepted Answer

Eysenck's theory proposes that extraverts seek stimulation and enjoy social interaction, which fits with Eros's preference for stimulating environments. Neuroticism and psychosis are unrelated to Eysenck's theory of personality. Introverts, on the other hand, prefer low levels of stimulation and are more reserved, which is opposite to Eros's characteristics.

Question 6

Which of the following theorists had a strong influence on Freud's early career, introducing him to the use of hypnosis in treating patients with psychological problems?

Accepted Answer

Joseph Breuer had a strong influence on Freud's early career and introduced him to the use of hypnosis in treating patients with psychological problems. They collaborated together on the case of Anna O., which inspired some of Freud's early psychoanalytic theories.

Question 7

Your _____ is defined as your unique and relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Accepted Answer

Personality is defined as a unique and relatively consistent pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make up an individual's character. Self-concept refers to an individual's beliefs and perceptions about themselves, while archetype refers to universal patterns of behavior and symbolism that are inherent in the human experience. A possible self is an individual's vision of themselves in the future.

Question 8

Which of the following is a strength of the social-cognitive perspective as compared with the other perspectives on personality?

Accepted Answer

The social-cognitive perspective's key ideas can be operationally defined, measured, and empirically tested, which is a strength that sets it apart from other perspectives. It allows for more concrete research and findings.

Question 9

On her birthday, Rose was given a new computer by her children. However, she has never turned it on because she doesn't think she will be able to learn how to use it. How would Albert Bandura explain Rose's behavior?

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory emphasizes the importance of self-efficacy beliefs in determining whether one will engage in a behavior. Rose's belief that she will not be able to learn how to use the computer indicates weak self-efficacy beliefs in this domain.

Question 10

According to research on identical twins separated at birth and raised in different families, similarities in personality traits are due to _____, whereas differences in personality traits are due to _____.

Accepted Answer

Research on identical twins separated at birth and raised in different families suggests that similarities in personality traits are primarily due to genetic influences, whereas differences in personality traits are primarily due to environmental influences. This is because identical twins share virtually identical genetic material, which contributes to their similarity in traits, while their differing environments contribute to the variations in traits seen between them.

Question 11

According to findings in the field of behavioral genetics:

Accepted Answer

The findings in the field of behavioral genetics suggest that both genes and environmental factors influence some personality traits. This means that while genetic factors may contribute to certain personality traits, environmental factors such as upbringing, life experiences, and social influences can also play a significant role in shaping an individual's personality. It is important to note that the extent to which genes and environmental factors contribute to personality can vary depending on the specific trait being studied.

Question 12

According to _____ and the _____ theory, personality and behavior is the end result of the interaction among cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors.

Accepted Answer

The statement refers to the Social Cognitive Theory proposed by Albert Bandura, which emphasizes the role of cognitive processes, environmental factors, and behavior in the development of personality.

Question 13

The actualizing tendency is to _____ as striving for superiority is to _____.

Accepted Answer

The actualizing tendency is a concept developed by Carl Rogers, referring to the innate drive in every living organism to grow, develop, and realize its full potential. Striving for superiority is a concept introduced by Alfred Adler, which suggests that a primary motivating force in humans is the desire to overcome inferiority and achieve superiority.

Question 14

Trait theorists have analyzed and grouped large numbers of surface traits in order to identify a smaller number of:

Accepted Answer

Trait theorists have identified a smaller number of fundamental traits, also known as source traits, by analyzing and grouping a larger number of surface traits. These source traits are stable and enduring characteristics that underlie an individual's behavior and personality. Therefore, option C, source traits, is the correct answer. Option A (personality types) is incorrect because the trait theory does not categorize individuals into different types, but rather views personality as a continuum of traits. Option B (temperamental styles) is incorrect because it refers to the characteristic patterns of behavior and emotional responses present in infancy that later shape one's personality. Option D (externalizing traits) is not an established term in trait theory, and therefore is incorrect.

Question 15

According to Carl Rogers, MOST psychological problems result from:

Accepted Answer

According to Rogers' theory of personality, psychological problems arise from experiencing conditional positive regard, rather than unconditional positive regard. Conditional positive regard means that a person receives love and affection only when they meet certain conditions or criteria set by others. This leads to the development of an incongruent self-concept, where the individual may deny their true feelings or thoughts to please others and meet their approval. This incongruence between the self-concept and actual experiences leads to anxiety and other psychological problems.

Question 16

Humanistic psychology had an especially lasting influence in the area of:

Accepted Answer

Humanistic psychology emphasized the importance of creativity and self-expression as a means of personal growth and fulfillment. This perspective had a significant impact on the arts and helped to inspire a more human-centered approach to creativity in fields such as painting, music, and literature. Humanistic psychology was also influential in the development of humanistic education, which emphasized creativity, critical thinking, and self-discovery as key components of learning.

Question 17

According to Sigmund Freud, the newborn infant is motivated by:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the newborn infant is motivated only by the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of its basic needs and desires.

Therefore, the correct answer is:

Answer: B

Question 18

Which term did Freud use to refer to sexual energy or motivation?

Accepted Answer

Freud used the term "libido" to refer to sexual energy or motivation.

Question 19

When describing human aggression, _____ argued that "the massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts of principle, rather than unrestrained acts of impulse."

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura, a renowned psychologist, emphasized the role of cognitive processes and social learning in human behavior, including aggression. He argued that much of human aggression is not impulsive but rather the result of deliberate actions based on principles or beliefs. This perspective contrasts with views that attribute aggression primarily to unconscious impulses or biological drives.

Question 20

According to the _____ perspective, people would instinctively choose positive, constructive behaviors if the restrictions of society were loosened.

Accepted Answer

The humanistic perspective emphasizes on the individual's innate potential for positive growth and self-actualization, suggesting that people would instinctively choose positive behaviors if society's constraints were loosened. The psychoanalytic perspective focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences, while the social cognitive perspective examines the interaction between personal, environmental, and behavioral factors. The trait perspective emphasizes on identifying and measuring stable personality characteristics.

Quiz 10: Section 4: Personality

According to Freud, the Oedipus complex produces _ in young boys and _ in young girls.