Question 1

Which of the following is a form of sensory memory?

Accepted Answer

Echoic memory is a type of sensory memory that refers to the brief storage of information (usually auditory) within a specific sensory system before it is processed further or lost. Procedural memory refers to the memory of how to perform skilled motor activities, while working memory is a type of short-term memory used for temporarily storing and manipulating information. Short-term memory is a type of memory system that is responsible for temporarily holding information in the brain, but it does not necessarily involve the initial sensory storage of that information.

Question 2

Students often have longer-lasting memories of information from a one-semester course than from an intensive three-week course.This best illustrates the importance of:

Accepted Answer

The spacing effect refers to the phenomenon that information is better retained when it is learned over a longer period of time with breaks in between, rather than in a single, intensive session. The example given in the question highlights this effect, as the students retained the information better from the longer course.

Question 3

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory is a type of visual sensory memory, while echoic memory is a type of auditory sensory memory. Therefore, the comparison would be between visual stimulation and auditory stimulation.

Question 4

The organization of individual items into larger familiar units is called:

Accepted Answer

Chunking is the organization of individual pieces of information into larger familiar units, making it easier to remember and recall information. The other options (self-reference effect, massed practice, peg-word system) do not relate to the organization of individual items into larger familiar units.

Question 5

Arnold was not paying attention to his professor's lecture.But when the professor asked him what she had just said,he was surprised that he had a fleeting memory of her last few words.Arnold's experience best illustrates ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Echoic memory is the sensory memory for auditory information, lasting for a few seconds after the stimulus stops. Arnold's experience of momentarily retaining the last few words of the professor's lecture is a characteristic of echoic memory.

Question 6

Which of the following is a mnemonic that makes effective use of vivid imagery?

Accepted Answer

The peg-word system is a mnemonic device that uses vivid imagery to associate numbers with words. For example, you can remember a list of items by assigning a rhyming word to each number and visualizing the item interacting with the word. This creates a distinct mental image that is more memorable than simply trying to remember a list of items.

Question 7

Young adults have ________ working-memory capacity than children and ________ working-memory capacity than older adults.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Young adults have ________ working-memory capacity than...

Question 8

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared,Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges.Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

The mention of a vivid mental image after a lightning flash suggests that Ileana's memory is visual in nature and corresponds to the duration of an iconic memory, which lasts for just a fraction of a second. Therefore, the best choice is iconic memory.

Question 9

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as:

Accepted Answer

The spacing effect refers to the finding that distributed study (spacing out studying over time) leads to better long-term retention than massed study (cramming).

Question 10

Short-term memory capacity can be increased through:

Accepted Answer

Chunking is the process of breaking down information into small, manageable parts. By organizing information into meaningful groups, individuals can increase their short-term memory capacity. Therefore, choice B is the best answer. Iconic and echoic memory are sensory memory systems that help process visual and auditory information, respectively, but they do not directly increase short-term memory capacity. Shallow processing, which involves encoding information on a superficial level, can actually decrease memory capacity.

Question 11

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called:

Accepted Answer

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called mnemonics.

Question 12

Lynnae's long-term memory of what she reads is improved if she responds to fill-in-the-blank questions after completing sections of her reading assignments.Her experience best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

The testing effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals better retain information through testing and quizzes. In this case, Lynnae's memory is improved when she responds to fill-in-the-blank questions after reading, which is a form of testing. Therefore, the testing effect is the best explanation for her improved memory retention.

Question 13

The letters Y,M,O,M,R,E are presented.Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word memory.This provides an illustration of:

Accepted Answer

Jill is able to group the letters together to form a meaningful word, which is an example of chunking - a memory strategy where information is organized into smaller, meaningful units. The other options (B, C, and D) do not accurately describe the memory process demonstrated in this scenario.

Question 14

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics,Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks.This best illustrates the benefits of

Accepted Answer

The statement describes Jasmine using hierarchical organization to remember information from her textbooks. This method involves categorizing information into major topics and subtopics, making it easier to remember and retrieve.

Question 15

Deep and shallow processing refer to different types of:

Accepted Answer

Deep processing refers to encoding information in a meaningful way that facilitates long-term retention, while shallow processing involves encoding information based on its physical and superficial characteristics, leading to poorer retention.

Question 16

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply reading information is best demonstrated by:

Accepted Answer

The testing effect refers to the phenomenon that retrieving information from memory after learning it, rather than simply re-reading it, enhances long-term memory. This effect has been demonstrated in numerous studies and is one of the most reliable techniques for improving memory retention. The self-reference effect refers to the finding that memory is enhanced when information is related to the self, while automatic processing and chunking are mechanisms that can help with encoding information initially, but do not directly relate to retrieval and long-term memory.

Question 17

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants.This study found that ________ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal.

Accepted Answer

The study by Peterson and Peterson focused on the duration of short-term memory, specifically through the manipulation of rehearsal with the use of counting backwards to prevent active rehearsal of the consonants. Therefore, the correct choice is C, short-term memory. A and D are incorrect as they relate to different types of memory, and while sensory memory may rapidly disappear, it is not tested in this particular study.

Question 18

To remember a list of the school supplies she needs,Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her house.Marcy's tactic best illustrates the use of:

Accepted Answer

Marcy is using a mnemonic technique by associating each item with a specific location in her house to remember the list of school supplies she needs.

Question 19

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.

Accepted Answer

The capacity of immediate short-term memory was first estimated by George Miller to be 7 (plus or minus 2) chunks of information. This means that we can remember about 7 meaningful items (words, names, numbers, etc.) at a time.

Question 20

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of:

Accepted Answer

Chunking involves breaking down information into smaller, more manageable units to improve memory. Using acronyms is a form of chunking, as it helps to condense longer phrases or lists into a shorter and more memorable form. The other options listed (peg-word system, distributed practice, and self-reference effect) do not directly relate to the use of acronyms.

Quiz 8: Memory