Question 1

The receptor sites of receiving neurons have been observed to increase following:

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation is a process by which the strength of synapses between neurons is increased, and it has been observed to lead to an increase in the number or sensitivity of receptor sites on receiving neurons. Priming and the serial position effect are phenomena related to memory retrieval and do not involve changes in receptor sites. Administration of propranolol is a beta-blocker medication that inhibits the activity of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter, and would be unlikely to cause an increase in receptor sites.

Question 2

The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called:

Accepted Answer

Priming is the process by which exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus without conscious guidance or intention. It is often the result of the activation of particular associations in memory.

Question 3

Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to:

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal is a process of actively repeating information in order to encode it into memory. Retrieval cues, on the other hand, are hints or cues that can help trigger the recall of information that has already been encoded and stored in memory. This process is known as retrieval, and it is often facilitated by various types of cues or prompts, such as contextual cues, emotional cues, or semantic cues. Therefore, the best answer is C, priming, which refers to the phenomenon where exposure to one stimulus (the prime) can influence the processing or recall of another related stimulus (the target). This is a well-known effect of memory retrieval, and it underscores the importance of retrieval cues in facilitating memory recall.

Question 4

The temporary release of serotonin has been found to ________ memory formation,and the temporary release of stress hormones has been found to ________ memory formation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The temporary release of serotonin has been...

Question 5

Context-dependent memory best illustrates that the specific location in which we learned something often provides us with effective:

Accepted Answer

Context-dependent memory suggests that the environment or context in which we learn something serves as a retrieval cue for that information later on. Therefore, the specific location can provide us with effective retrieval cues.

Question 6

When learning occurs through classical conditioning,the sea slug,Aplysia,releases more ________ at certain synapses.

Accepted Answer

The sea slug Aplysia exhibits increased release of serotonin at certain synapses due to classical conditioning. This is a well-established phenomenon in the field of neuroscience.

Question 7

Effective retrieval cues trigger the process known as:

Accepted Answer

Effective retrieval cues trigger priming, which is the process in which an experience or retrieval cue elicits the activation of a previously stored memory, making it easier to retrieve. LTP (A) is a process that occurs during learning, not retrieval. Memory consolidation (B) refers to the processes that transfer memories from short-term to long-term storage, but it does not specifically involve retrieval cues. The serial position effect (C) refers to the tendency to better remember items at the beginning and end of a list, but it is not directly related to the use of retrieval cues.

Question 8

In one study,people primed with words or images involving money expressed ________ support for free market capitalism and ________ support for social inequality.

Accepted Answer

People primed with money-related cues tend to express more support for free market capitalism and also more acceptance of social inequality, reflecting a stronger endorsement of systems that emphasize individual wealth accumulation.

Question 9

Long-term potentiation refers to:

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation refers to the strengthening of connections between neurons in response to repeated stimulation. This results in an increase in a neuron's firing potential, which may underlie learning and memory processes. Option A refers to elaborative rehearsal and its impact on retention, option B refers to the role of emotion in memory, and option D refers to implicit memory.

Question 10

Shortly after you see a missing-child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping.This best illustrates the impact of:

Accepted Answer

This scenario demonstrates the concept of priming, which is when exposure to a specific stimulus influences our subsequent interpretation of events or information. In this case, the missing-child poster serves as a prime that can influence how we perceive adult-child interactions.

Question 11

Julie most accurately recalls information learned in her history classroom when her recall is tested in the very same classroom.This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Context-dependent memory refers to the phenomenon where we are better able to recall information in the same context or environment in which we learned it. In this scenario, Julie is able to recall information more accurately when tested in the same classroom where she learned it, suggesting that her memory is context-dependent.

Question 12

Which of the following provides a neural basis for learning and remembering conditioned associations?

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a neural basis for learning and remembering conditioned associations. LTP is the strengthening of connections between neurons in response to repeated stimulation. This process is thought to play a crucial role in memory formation and synaptic plasticity. The other options (serial position effect, procedural memory, priming) are related to memory but not specifically to conditioned associations.

Question 13

Mice could not learn their way out of a maze if they could not produce an enzyme needed for:

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation is a process in which synaptic connections between neurons are strengthened, allowing for more effective communication between them. This process is essential for learning and memory, and is dependent on the production of certain enzymes. Without these enzymes, the process of long-term potentiation would not occur, and mice (or any other organism) would be unable to learn their way out of a maze. Option A (automatic processing) and B (serial position effect) are not related to the process of learning and memory, and option C (producing propranolol) is not essential for the process of long-term potentiation.

Question 14

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr.Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood.The aroma apparently acted as a powerful:

Accepted Answer

The smell of freshly baked bread acted as a retrieval cue, triggering vivid memories from Mr. Hutz's early childhood. Retrieval cues are external stimuli that activate associations in memory, leading to the retrieval of related information. In this case, the smell of freshly baked bread was associated with memories of Mr. Hutz's early childhood, and served as a cue for their retrieval.

Question 15

Individuals who received ________ for 10 days following a traumatic experience subsequently showed fewer signs of a stress disorder.

Accepted Answer

Propranolol is a beta-blocker that has been shown to decrease the formation of traumatic memories and reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder when administered within hours to days following a traumatic event.

Question 16

Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some past experiences with a high school boyfriend.The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of:

Accepted Answer

The effect of the romantic novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an example of priming. Priming occurs when exposure to a stimulus affects the processing and retrieval of a related stimulus. In this case, the novel was the stimulus that primed Consuela's memory for her past experiences with her high school boyfriend.

Question 17

A year and a half after directly experiencing a San Francisco earthquake,people had very accurate recall of where they had been and what they were doing at the time of the earthquake.Their recall best illustrates ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

The scenario described is an example of flashbulb memory, which involves the vivid and detailed recall of significant events, particularly those that are emotionally charged or traumatic. The San Francisco earthquake would likely be considered a significant event that would trigger flashbulb memories in those who experienced it. Implicit memory refers to the unconscious retention of information, state-dependent memory involves better recall when the individual is in the same state as when the memory was formed, and procedural memory refers to the memory of how to perform a task or action.

Question 18

A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious.The physical injury,though not serious,is most likely to interfere with Ashley's:

Accepted Answer

The physical injury is most likely to interfere with Ashley's very recent memories, as they have not yet been fully processed and consolidated into long-term memory.

Question 19

A stimulus linked to a specific memory is a(n):

Accepted Answer

A retrieval cue is a stimulus linked to a specific memory that helps to retrieve that memory. A memory trace refers to the physical record of a memory in the brain. Implicit memory refers to unconscious or non-declarative memories, such as remembering how to ride a bike. LTP (long-term potentiation) refers to the strengthening of connections between neurons that is thought to be involved in the formation of memories.

Question 20

Words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land.This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

The context-dependent memory phenomenon suggests that the context or environment in which information is learned serves as a cue for retrieval. In this case, the underwater environment acts as a retrieval cue for the information learned underwater, making it more likely to be remembered in that context.

Quiz 8: Memory