Question 1

In which stage of the Atkinson and Shiffrin model do we rehearse information?

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal occurs in the short-term memory stage of the Atkinson and Shiffrin model. In this stage, information is held temporarily for up to 30 seconds and can be encoded into long-term memory through rehearsal.

Question 2

The encoding of many aspects of a remembered event simultaneously best illustrates our brain's capacity for

Accepted Answer

Parallel processing refers to the ability of the brain to process multiple aspects of information simultaneously. When we remember an event, we are able to recall details about the people, objects, emotions, and environment that were all present at the same time. This demonstrates our brain's capacity for parallel processing. Massed practice and distributed practice refer to the scheduling of practice sessions and are not relevant to the encoding of memories. Automatic processing refers to the processing of information that occurs without conscious awareness, which is not necessarily related to the encoding of memories.

Question 3

While shopping for groceries,Abby realized she had misplaced her shopping list.By mentally visualizing the aisles she had walked and the items she had looked at,she was able to recall the exact shelf space where she had placed the list.Her mental visualization most clearly involved

Accepted Answer

Abby was using her working memory to mentally visualize and recall the location of the list. Iconic memory refers to sensory memory for visual information, but Abby was not relying on a brief visual sensation to remember the list. Implicit memory and automatic processing refer to subconscious forms of memory, but Abby was consciously and intentionally trying to recall the information. Working memory is the most fitting option as it involves the temporary storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information for cognitive tasks.

Question 4

Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ________ memory into ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Highly durable memories are stored in long-term memory. To retrieve these memories, they must be moved from long-term memory to working memory. Therefore, the correct choice is D: long-term memory to working memory.

Question 5

Long-term memory refers to

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory is the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. It includes episodic memory (personal experiences), semantic memory (general knowledge), and procedural memory (skills and habits). A, B, and C refer to other aspects of the memory system, such as working memory and sensory memory.

Question 6

Your activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is also known as activated but limited-capacity memory. It is the type of memory that holds a small amount of information that is actively being processed and manipulated in the brain. Implicit memory refers to memories that are not consciously available or are difficult to retrieve, while explicit memory refers to memories that can be consciously recalled. Shallow processing refers to processing information on a surface level, while deep processing involves more meaningful analysis and connections with other information.

Question 7

According to Allen Baddeley and others,we consciously process incoming auditory and visual information in our ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

According to Allen Baddeley and others, we consciously process incoming auditory and visual information in our working memory. This model of working memory includes components for handling verbal and visual-spatial information in a temporary, conscious processing system.

Question 8

Working memory is

Accepted Answer

Option D is the correct definition of working memory, which includes the conscious processing of incoming auditory and visual information and the retrieval of information from long-term memory. It is an extension of short-term memory that involves active processing of information. Option A is describing nondeclarative memory, and option B is describing declarative memory. Option C is describing sensory memory.

Question 9

Using different neural networks to simultaneously encode the sights,sounds,and smells of a remembered baseball game best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Parallel processing refers to the ability of the brain to simultaneously process multiple streams of information, such as encoding the sights, sounds, and smells of a remembered baseball game using different neural networks at the same time. Distributed practice refers to spreading out learning over time, implicit memory refers to unconscious memory, and chunking refers to organizing information into meaningful groups.

Question 10

The term working memory represents psychologists' newer understanding of

Accepted Answer

Working memory is a newer understanding of short-term memory. It refers to the ability to temporarily hold and manipulate information in order to accomplish a specific task. Long-term memory, implicit memory, and sensory memory are separate systems within the memory process.

Question 11

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced distinctions among

Accepted Answer

The Atkinson-Schiffrin model proposes three distinct stages of memory processing: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory briefly holds sensory information from our environment, while short-term memory is responsible for holding information that we are actively working with. Long-term memory is where information is stored for later retrieval. The model does not address the other options listed.

Question 12

Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires

Accepted Answer

Conscious rehearsal of information involves the use of working memory, which is responsible for actively holding and manipulating information in our consciousness. Implicit memory involves the unconscious retrieval of information, automatic processing refers to the effortless encoding of information without being aware of it, and deep processing refers to the encoding of information based on meaningful elaboration.

Question 13

Which of the following outlines the sequence of the Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory?

Accepted Answer

The Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model outlines the sequence of memory as follows: information enters sensory memory (F1F1F1S1), then moves to short-term memory (F1F1F10), and finally to long-term memory. Therefore, the correct sequence is sensory memory F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 short-term memory F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 long-term memory. Choice D is the only option that correctly follows this sequence.

Question 14

Which form of memory was NOT originally included in the Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory?

Accepted Answer

Working memory was not originally included in the Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory. It was later proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in the 1970s as a more complex and active form of short-term memory.

Question 15

The process of getting information out of memory is called

Accepted Answer

The process of getting information out of memory is called retrieval. Encoding is the process of putting new information into memory, rehearsing is a strategy to maintain information in memory, and relearning is a measure of how much less work it takes to learn information that has already been learned and then forgotten.

Question 16

Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her.During this entire minute or two their names were stored in her ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory, also known as working memory, refers to the temporary storage of information that lasts for a few seconds to a minute. This is where we hold information that we need to use immediately or in the near future. In this case, Shelly was able to remember the names of the new class members for only a minute or two, indicating that their names were stored in her short-term memory. Echoic memory refers to auditory sensory memory, iconic memory refers to visual sensory memory, and implicit memory refers to long-term memory for skills and habits that we are not consciously aware of.

Question 17

An information-processing model that views memories as emerging from the simultaneous activation of interconnected neural networks is known as

Accepted Answer

The information-processing model that views memories as emerging from the simultaneous activation of interconnected neural networks is known as connectionism. Choice A (the distribution system) and Choice D (hierarchical organization) do not accurately describe this specific model. Choice B (mnemonics) refers to techniques for improving memory, rather than a model of memory.

Question 18

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

Accepted Answer

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves working memory, which is responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information in the mind. Implicit memory, iconic memory, and echoic memory are all different types of sensory memory and are not directly involved in this process.

Question 19

Jeremy can accurately process and store new information,but when he is tested on what he has learned he becomes so anxious that he can't easily recall the new information.Jeremy most clearly demonstrates difficulty with

Accepted Answer

Jeremy's ability to process and store new information suggests that encoding is not the issue. Iconic and echoic memory relate specifically to visual and auditory sensory memory, respectively, which are not the main issues in this scenario. The fact that Jeremy becomes anxious and has difficulty recalling information during testing suggests that his difficulty lies in retrieval.

Question 20

Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is the first stage of memory processing, where information from our senses (visual, auditory, etc) is briefly registered. It is a fleeting memory that holds information for a short duration (a few seconds) and if the information is important, it is encoded into short-term memory. Therefore, option B is the correct choice.

Quiz 23: Learning by Observation