Question 1

Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing is primarily used for treatment of __________.

Accepted Answer

Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychological treatment approach that is primarily used for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), though it has also been used for other anxiety disorders. It involves using eye movements or other forms of rhythmic, bilateral stimulation to facilitate adaptive processing of traumatic memories and emotions. It is not typically used as a treatment for schizophrenia, depression, or bipolar disorder.

Question 2

________ has been used successfully in helping children who have a fear of going to the dentist,social withdrawal,obsessive-compulsive behaviors,and phobias.

Accepted Answer

Modeling therapy involves using observation and imitation to help clients learn new behaviors or overcome fears. This type of therapy has been shown to be effective in helping children with fears and phobias, as well as other issues such as social withdrawal and obsessive-compulsive behaviors. Transference, voyeurism, and empathy are not types of therapy and are not directly related to helping children with these issues.

Question 3

What is an advantage of using operant conditioning in treating undesirable behaviors?

Accepted Answer

One advantage of using operant conditioning is that the results are usually quickly obtained. This is because this type of conditioning focuses on changing behavior through reinforcement or punishment, which can be more effective in producing immediate changes in behavior compared to other types of therapy that address underlying psychological issues.

Question 4

Due to new computer technology that involves having the client wear a headset that can project realistic anxiety-provoking images,therapists can now conduct ________ therapies in their offices.

Accepted Answer

The use of a headset to project anxiety-provoking images suggests the use of exposure therapy, which involves gradually exposing the client to feared stimuli in a safe and controlled environment. Free association, transference, and unconditional positive regard are not directly related to the use of computer technology for therapy.

Question 5

_________ strengthens a response by following it with the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement strengthens a response by removing or avoiding an unpleasant stimulus. This is different from punishment, which adds a negative consequence to decrease a behavior, and extinction, which involves ignoring a behavior to decrease its occurrence. Positive reinforcement adds a positive consequence to strengthen a behavior.

Question 6

The process of learning through the observation and imitation of others is called ______.

Accepted Answer

Modeling refers to the process of learning by observing and imitating the behavior, attitudes, and skills of others. It is a form of social learning theory that emphasizes the role of models in shaping our behavior and attitudes. Free association is a psychoanalytic technique where the client freely speaks their thoughts without censorship. Voyeurism refers to the act of observing others without their knowledge or consent. Flooding is a form of exposure therapy where the client is exposed to a feared stimulus at a high intensity and prolonged duration to reduce anxiety.

Question 7

A client at a mental institution is rewarded for improved grooming habits with coupons he can exchange for special foods or weekend passes.This technique is called ______.

Accepted Answer

This technique is called a token economy, where desired behaviors are rewarded with tokens or coupons that can be exchanged for rewards or privileges. It is a form of positive reinforcement. Option A (modeling) refers to learning by observing someone else's behavior, Option B (negative reinforcement) involves removing an aversive stimulus to increase the frequency of a desired behavior, and Option D (systematic desensitization) is a technique used to treat phobias and anxiety by gradually exposing the individual to the feared stimulus. None of these options fit with the described technique.

Question 8

The behavior of chronically schizophrenic individuals living in psychiatric institutions has been successfully modified through the use of ______.

Accepted Answer

The use of token economy has been successful in modifying the behavior of chronically schizophrenic individuals living in psychiatric institutions. Token economy is a behavior modification program that uses tokens or secondary reinforcers to reward appropriate behaviors, which can then be exchanged for primary reinforcers such as food, privileges, or social activities. This approach helps individuals to learn appropriate behaviors and helps staff to manage disruptive behavior in institutional settings. Reality therapy, negative reinforcement, and systematic desensitization are not typically used to modify the behavior of chronically schizophrenic individuals in institutional settings.

Question 9

Every time Alice cleans her room properly and makes the bed,she receives a marble.When she accumulates 100 marbles,she can get the new video game she wants.What type of behavioral program are Alice's parents using?

Accepted Answer

Alice's parents are using a token economy, where she receives a token (marble) for exhibiting the desired behavior (cleaning her room properly and making the bed), and she can exchange those tokens for a desired item (new video game) once she has accumulated a specific number of tokens (100 marbles).

Question 10

Aidan goes to a therapist for help in losing weight.He and his therapist develop a written agreement spelling out weekly step-by-step methods for Aidan to use in order to reach his weight goal.The plan specifies rewards for reaching weekly goals and penalties for not achieving them.Aidan's therapist is using which of the following methods?

Accepted Answer

The therapist is using a contingency contract, which is a behavioral therapy technique that involves setting up a formal agreement between the therapist and client, outlining specific behaviors and consequences for achieving or not achieving them. This helps the client stay accountable and motivated to reach their goals. Rewards and penalties are also a common feature of contingency contracts.

Question 11

The strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or removing an unpleasant stimulus is called ________.

Accepted Answer

The description given in the question matches the definition of reinforcement, which is the process of strengthening a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or removing an unpleasant stimulus. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Option B (modeling) refers to learning by observing others, option C (punishment) refers to the process of weakening a response by following it with an unpleasant consequence, and option D (extinction) refers to the process of weakening a behavior by withholding reinforcement.

Question 12

_________ strengthens a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence.

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement involves adding a pleasurable consequence to strengthen a response. This can include rewards such as praise, treats, or privileges, which increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future. Punishment involves adding an unpleasant consequence to weaken a behavior, negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant consequence to strengthen a behavior, and extinction involves withholding reinforcement to weaken a behavior over time.

Question 13

Juan is so afraid of germs that he wears gloves when opening doors.He is encouraged by his therapist to imitate a person in a video who demonstrates opening a door,step-by-step,without wearing gloves.Which technique is his therapist using?

Accepted Answer

The therapist is using participant modeling, which involves having the client imitate a model demonstrating the desired behavior. In this case, the model is demonstrating opening a door without gloves, which Juan is afraid to do due to his fear of germs. Participant modeling is often used in exposure therapy, which can be a form of systematic desensitization, but in this case, there is no mention of gradually increasing exposure to the feared stimulus. Token economy involves rewarding desired behavior with tokens that can be exchanged for rewards, and extinction involves withholding reinforcement for undesired behavior in order to decrease its occurrence.

Question 14

Eloise is living with post-traumatic stress disorder.During her therapy session,her therapist asks her to move her eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory.Eloise's therapist is using __________.

Accepted Answer

Eloise's therapist is using eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR). This form of therapy involves a series of eye movements while focusing on a trauma or disturbing memory to help process and reduce the emotional impact of the memory. Systematic desensitization (B) involves gradual exposure to feared stimuli paired with relaxation techniques, and is commonly used for treating phobias. Eye-memory therapy (C) and eye therapy (D) are not recognized forms of therapy.

Question 15

At Skinner Elementary School,teachers pass out "skinner bucks" to students who turn in papers on time,obey the teacher,and finish their homework.The paper "bucks" can be traded in at the end of the week for special treats or game-playing time on the classroom computer.This system most resembles a ________.

Accepted Answer

The system of "skinner bucks" is a form of token economy, where desirable behavior is reinforced with tokens that can be exchanged for rewards.

Question 16

Which of the following is a therapy based on the principles of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Token economy is a therapy based on the principles of operant conditioning. It involves providing tokens or rewards for positive behavior, which can then be exchanged for privileges or goods. This encourages the person to engage in desired behaviors and learn new ones.

Question 17

__________ is a form of therapy in which clients are directed to move their eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory.

Accepted Answer

Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapy in which clients are directed to move their eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory. This technique is used to reduce the impact of traumatic memories and has been shown to be effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Question 18

Estella is afraid of cats.To help her overcome her fear,her mother calmly pets and strokes a cat while Estella is watching.Her mother encourages her to imitate her behavior.Estella's mother is using _________.

Accepted Answer

Estella's mother is using modeling, which involves demonstrating a desired behavior for another person to imitate.

Question 19

The use of objects that can be traded for food,candy,treats,or special privileges,with the purpose of reinforcing behavior,is called ________.

Accepted Answer

The use of objects as reinforcement for behavior is called a token economy. Tokens can be traded for food, candy, treats, or special privileges as a way to reinforce desired behavior. This is a common technique used in classrooms and therapeutic settings to encourage positive behavior. The other answer choices are not related to the use of tokens as reinforcement for behavior.

Question 20

Hiram has learned to seek attention by engaging in inappropriate behaviors,namely by watching his brother receive attention for hitting and biting and then imitating his behavior.Hiram has learned to seek attention by engaging in inappropriate behaviors by using which of the following techniques?

Accepted Answer

Hiram has learned through modeling, or observing and imitating the behavior of his brother, that engaging in inappropriate behavior results in attention.

Quiz 15: Applied Psychology and Psychology Careers