Question 1

Argyris would argue that high absenteeism and poor morale is likely due to:*

Accepted Answer

Argyris is known for his theory on adult learning and behavior in organizations. He believed that traditional management practices were incompatible with how adults naturally behave and learn, leading to feelings of disengagement, low morale, and high absenteeism.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a part of Theory Y?*

Accepted Answer

All of the above are part of Theory Y.

Question 3

From the Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following needs occupies the highest pedestal in the hierarchy?

Accepted Answer

Self-actualization is the highest need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It refers to the need for an individual to reach their full potential, achieve personal growth and fulfillment, and pursue their own unique goals and aspirations beyond basic survival and social needs.

Question 4

The __________is the tendency of persons singled out for special attention to perform as expected.

Accepted Answer

The Hawthorne effect is the tendency of persons singled out for special attention to perform as expected due to the fact that their behavior is being monitored and studied. This phenomenon was observed during the famous Hawthorne studies conducted in the 1920s and 1930s, where researchers found that workers increased their productivity simply because they knew they were being observed. Neither A, B, nor D are related to this concept.

Question 5

The Hawthorne studies:

Accepted Answer

The Hawthorne studies are criticized for their research design, weak empirical support, and overgeneralization of findings. However, they are significant for shifting focus from technical aspects to human factors in the workplace.

Question 6

__________ originally developed the hierarchy of human needs theory.

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow originally developed the hierarchy of human needs theory in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation".

Question 7

Theory X and Theory Y were developed by __________.

Accepted Answer

Theory X and Theory Y were developed by Douglas McGregor in his book "The Human Side of Enterprise" published in 1960.

Question 8

Maslow's progression principle states that __________.*

Accepted Answer

Maslow's progression principle states that needs must be satisfied sequentially beginning with the lowest, meaning that one needs to satisfy their basic needs before moving on to higher level needs. This is often represented as Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which includes physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.

Question 9

At which level of needs do Maslow's progression principle and deficit principle cease to exist?

Accepted Answer

Maslow's progression principle and deficit principle cease to exist at the level of self-actualization, as this level represents the fulfillment of one's full potential and the realization of personal growth and creativity, rather than a deficiency that needs to be satisfied.

Question 10

According to Maslow, which of the following is in the highest "need" category?

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs starts with basic physiological needs, followed by safety needs, then belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and finally, self-actualization needs. Having a job you love and that fulfills you is an example of self-actualization, which is the highest level of need in Maslow's hierarchy. Getting a date, having enough money to pay rent, and being accepted into a fraternity or sorority are all examples of needs that fall under lower levels of the hierarchy.

Question 11

A faculty member complains that her students are lazy, don't really want to be in school, and are very irresponsible in their studies. This faculty member holds a __________ assumption.*

Accepted Answer

This faculty member holds a Theory X assumption, which assumes that individuals are inherently lazy and need motivation and direction from their superiors to be productive. The complaint about students being lazy and irresponsible fits with this assumption.

Question 12

A(n) __________ transforms resource inputs from the environment into product outputs.*

Accepted Answer

An open system is one that interacts with its environment, taking in inputs and transforming them into outputs. This contrasts with a closed system, which does not interact with its environment in this way. Administrative staff and contingency plans may be part of a system, but they do not themselves perform the transformation of resources into products.

Question 13

From the Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following needs is considered to be the most important?

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory states that physiological needs are the most basic and essential needs for human survival, including food, water, shelter, sleep, and breathing. Without satisfying these needs, an individual cannot progress to the next levels of needs. Therefore, physiological needs are considered the most important needs in this hierarchy.

Question 14

Maslow's __________ principle states that people act to satisfy unfulfilled needs.*

Accepted Answer

Maslow's theory of hierarchy of needs states that individuals are motivated to fulfill their basic physiological and safety needs before moving on to higher-level needs such as love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. The deficit principle is a core part of this theory, which suggests that people will be motivated to satisfy unfulfilled needs in order to reduce or eliminate the feeling of deficiency.

Question 15

A(n) __________ is a physiological or psychological deficiency that a person wants to satisfy.*

Accepted Answer

A need is a basic requirement for survival or well-being, such as hunger or thirst, that motivates a person to take action to satisfy it.

Question 16

Theory __________ assumes people are willing to work, accept responsibility, and are self-directed.

Accepted Answer

Theory Y assumes that employees are naturally motivated, willing to work, accept responsibility, and are self-directed. This contrasts with Theory X, which assumes that employees inherently dislike work and must be coerced or controlled.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a part of Theory X?

Accepted Answer

Theory X assumes that workers are lazy and prefer to be directed, so choice B and C are both part of Theory X. However, choice D is also part of Theory X, as it assumes that employees only work for extrinsic rewards like money or status, and not because they actually enjoy the work itself. Therefore, the only option that is NOT part of Theory X is A, which states that employees like responsibility, which is more in line with the assumptions of Theory Y.

Question 18

Management science and __________ apply mathematical techniques to solve management problems.

Accepted Answer

Operations research is the field of mathematics that uses advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions. It involves the use of mathematical models, statistics, and optimization techniques to solve complex management problems, such as resource allocation, supply chain management, and production planning. Behavior analysis, contingency theory, and participative management are management theories and practices that focus on human behavior, decision-making processes, and organizational structures, but they do not rely on mathematical techniques to solve problems.

Question 19

Chris Argyris' beliefs, as presented in his book Personality and Organization, are in disagreement with __________.

Accepted Answer

Chris Argyris' work, particularly in "Personality and Organization," critiques the conventional command-and-control management practices found in traditional organizations, arguing that they often inhibit individuals' ability to grow and learn, which is in contrast to his advocacy for more participative, empowering organizational structures.

Question 20

The study of how organizations produce goods and services is called __________.*

Accepted Answer

The study of how organizations produce goods and services is known as operations management. Marketing operations, learning practice, and contingency practice are not specific terms related to this study.

Quiz 2: Management Learning: Great Things Grow From Strong Foundations