Question 1

Research has indicated that

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that we typically remember more information than we can recall. Recall involves retrieving information from memory with little to no cues or context, whereas recognition involves identifying information that is presented in a familiar context or with cues. As a result, we may have difficulty recalling certain information but can recognize it when presented with cues or context.

Question 2

What helps us understand how cues specific to an event or person will most effectively trigger a memory?

Accepted Answer

The encoding specificity principle suggests that cues that are specific to an event or person at the time of encoding will be the most effective in triggering a memory later on. This principle helps us better understand how certain cues can help or hinder memory retrieval.

Question 3

Imagining events can actually create false memories of those events.This is known as

Accepted Answer

Imagination inflation occurs when imagining an event which never happened can increase confidence that it actually occurred. This phenomenon can lead to the creation of false memories about the event.

Question 4

The Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage information-processing model proposed that we first record to-be-remembered information as a fleeting

Accepted Answer

The Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage information-processing model proposed that the first stage of memory is sensory memory, which records to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory trace.

Question 5

After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident,Arotza cannot form new memories.He can,however,remember events before the accident.Arotza's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

Accepted Answer

Arotza's inability to form new memories after the brain injury is characteristic of anterograde amnesia, which is the inability to create new memories. Retroactive interference and proactive interference both involve the interference of past memories with the recall of new information, but they do not apply to Arotza's situation. The misinformation effect refers to the distortion of memory by misleading information, which is not applicable in this scenario.

Question 6

Experiencing a momentary sensory memory of the ending of a song that just played on the radio would be an example of

Accepted Answer

The answer of Experiencing a momentary sensory memory of the...

Question 7

We can consciously attend to information while simultaneously processing background information.This ability is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The ability to attend to information while simultaneously processing background information is referred to as parallel processing. Choice A (short-term memory) refers to the temporary storage of information, choice B (effortful processing) refers to intentional and conscious processing of information, and choice C (sensory memory) refers to the brief storage of sensory information.

Question 8

One child who participated in a memory experiment falsely remembered that he once went to the hospital because he had caught his finger in a mousetrap.His false memory best illustrated the impact of

Accepted Answer

The false memory in this scenario is likely the result of suggestive interviewing, where the child may have been prompted or led to remember something that did not actually happen.

Question 9

Combining individual letters into familiar words enables you to remember more of the letters in this sentence.This best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

Chunking involves grouping information into meaningful units, which can improve memory retention. Combining individual letters into familiar words is an example of chunking.

Question 10

Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory?

Accepted Answer

Implicit memories are often formed through classical conditioning, which involves learning associations between stimuli. Conditioning a fear of guns would therefore be the most likely to be stored as an implicit memory. The other options involve more conscious and explicit types of memory, such as semantic memory or episodic memory.

Question 11

The happier Judie is,the more readily she recalls positive life experiences.This best illustrates that emotional states can become

Accepted Answer

The fact that Judie's emotional state serves as a cue for the retrieval of positive memories suggests that emotions can become retrieval cues.

Question 12

Mrs.McBride can't consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would be too anxiety-arousing to do so.Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of repression suggests that people unconsciously block traumatic or anxiety-inducing memories from conscious awareness. In this case, Mrs. McBride's poor memory of her behavior may be due to her unconscious repression of her criticism to avoid the anxiety it would cause.

Question 13

After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car,she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car.Several hours later,Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female.Teresa's experience best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect is the phenomenon where a person's recall of an event may be altered by misleading information presented after the event. In this case, Teresa mistakenly recalled the gender of the driver due to the passing of time and potential exposure to new information or suggestions.

Question 14

A measure of your memory in which you need to pick the correctly learned answer from a displayed list of options is known as a measure of

Accepted Answer

Recognition is the measure of memory in which you need to identify the correctly learned answer from a displayed list of options. Recall involves the retrieval of information from memory without any cues or prompts. Reconstruction involves piecing together information from different sources to form a memory. Relearning involves learning information that has been previously learned but may have been forgotten.

Question 15

When you have to make a long-distance call,dialing an unfamiliar area code plus a seven-digit number,you are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number.This best illustrates the limited capacity of ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

The scenario described refers to the challenge of retaining a recently looked-up phone number for a brief period of time, which is an example of short-term memory. Long-term memory refers to the storage of information for a more extended period, while implicit and explicit memory are subtypes of long-term memory related to unconscious and conscious memory processes, respectively.

Question 16

Researchers now recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory and refer to it as ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Working memory is the active processing and manipulation of information held in short-term memory. It includes the ability to temporarily store and manipulate information for complex cognitive tasks, such as problem-solving and decision-making. Sensory memory refers to the brief storage of sensory information before it is processed further. Procedural memory relates to our ability to perform certain motor skills and actions, like riding a bike or tying shoes. Implicit memory refers to the unconscious retention of memories, such as how to ride a bike even if you haven't done it in years. Therefore, the best choice for this question is B) working memory.

Question 17

During her evening Spanish language exam,Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon.Her difficulty best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the recall of newly learned information. In this case, the French vocabulary learned in the morning is interfering with the recall of the Spanish vocabulary learned in the afternoon.

Question 18

When you hear familiar words in your native language,it is virtually impossible not to register the meaning of the words.This best illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing is the ability to process information without conscious effort, and hearing familiar words in one's native language is an example of this. Therefore, the importance of this phenomenon is best illustrated by choice B. The other options are not relevant to the given situation - effortful processing refers to conscious, intentional processing that requires effort, while iconic memory and the spacing effect are memory-related concepts that do not relate to language comprehension.

Question 19

At a block party,Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors.Moments later,she remembers only the names of the first three and last two neighbors.Her experience best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect refers to the tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the items in the middle. In this scenario, Cyndi remembers the first three and last two neighbors, demonstrating the serial position effect.

Question 20

Brandon tells his friend that he remembers his grandfather giving him alcohol to drink when he was about 3 years old.What is a main problem with this statement?

Accepted Answer

Memories of events before the age of 4 years are unreliable. Research has shown that memories of events that occurred before the age of 4 years are often vague, incomplete, and inaccurate. It is unlikely that Brandon would have accurate memories of his grandfather giving him alcohol to drink at such a young age.

Quiz 8: Memory