Question 1

Who proposed that short-term memory has a capacity of seven bits of information?

Accepted Answer

George Miller proposed that short-term memory has a capacity of seven plus or minus two bits of information, commonly referred to as Miller's Law.

Question 2

Iconic memory refers to

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory refers to the brief sensory memory of visual stimuli, such as photographs or picture-image memory, that lasts for only a few tenths of a second.

Question 3

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.

Accepted Answer

The famous paper by George Miller (1956) suggested that our short-term memory can hold approximately seven items, plus or minus two. This has been widely accepted and is known as Miller's Law.

Question 4

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as

Accepted Answer

The spacing effect refers to the phenomenon where distributed study (spreading out learning over time) results in better long-term retention compared to massed study (cramming).

Question 5

Who of the following is likely to have the best working memory?

Accepted Answer

Working memory typically peaks in early adulthood and gradually declines with age. Therefore, Marika, a 25-year-old woman, is likely to have the best working memory out of the options given.

Question 6

Arnold was not paying attention to his professor's lecture.But when the professor asked him what she had just said,he was surprised that he had a fleeting memory of her last few words.Arnold's experience best illustrates ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Arnold's experience of having a fleeting memory of his professor's last few words indicates that he briefly retained auditory information in his sensory memory. This type of memory is referred to as echoic memory. Therefore, option B is the best choice. The other options, procedural, implicit, and iconic memory are not relevant to Arnold's experience.

Question 7

The organization of individual items into larger familiar units is called

Accepted Answer

Chunking refers to the process of taking individual pieces of information and grouping them into larger units. By doing so, we can remember and process information more efficiently.

Question 8

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called

Accepted Answer

Mnemonics are memory aids that use creative techniques to help organize and remember information. This can include imagery, acronyms, or other creative methods to make memorization easier. Procedural memories refer to memory for motor skills and implicit memories are memories that are formed unconsciously. Iconic memories refer to visual sensory memory.

Question 9

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants.This study found that ________ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal.

Accepted Answer

The study by Peterson and Peterson pertained to the short-term memory, as the participants were asked to hold information for a brief period of time (about 18 seconds) without any active processing or rehearsal. The findings suggested that short-term memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal. Long-term memories have a more stable storage and retrieval process. Sensory memories are very brief and relate to the initial encoding of sensory information. Implicit memories involve unconscious memories for skills and habits, as opposed to explicit memories for events and facts. None of these types of memory were specifically examined in Peterson and Peterson's study.

Question 10

Short-term memory capacity can be increased through

Accepted Answer

Chunking refers to the process of organizing information into small, meaningful units, which can increase capacity in short-term memory. Iconic and echoic memory are types of sensory memory, which record information briefly but do not increase capacity. Shallow processing involves processing information at a superficial level, which does not improve short-term memory capacity.

Question 11

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics,Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks.This best illustrates the benefits of

Accepted Answer

Jasmine's use of an outline, which involves hierarchical organization of information, has allowed her to remember more of what she reads in textbooks. This demonstrates the benefits of hierarchical organization, which involves organizing information into broad topics and then subtopics within those topics. Mnemonics and the spacing effect may also be effective memory strategies, but they are not specifically mentioned in this scenario. Implicit memory refers to memories that are not consciously retrieved and therefore is not applicable in this context.

Question 12

The letters Y,M,O,M,R,E are presented.Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word memory.This provides an illustration of

Accepted Answer

Chunking is the process of grouping items into smaller, more manageable units. In this case, Jill is grouping the letters into the word "memory" to make them easier to remember.

Question 13

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory is a type of visual sensory memory, while echoic memory is a type of auditory sensory memory. Therefore, the relationship between them is that of visual stimulation and auditory stimulation. The other options do not accurately describe the relationship between iconic and echoic memory.

Question 14

To remember a list of the school supplies she needs,Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her house.Marcy's tactic best illustrates the use of

Accepted Answer

Marcy is using a mnemonic technique to remember her list of school supplies by associating each item with a specific location in her house.

Question 15

Which of the following is a form of sensory memory?

Accepted Answer

Echoic memory is a form of sensory memory that refers to the brief retention of auditory information. Procedural memory is a type of long-term memory that involves learning how to perform certain actions or skills, while working memory and short-term memory refer to the temporary storage and manipulation of information in the brain.

Question 16

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

The answer of The use of acronyms to improve one's...

Question 17

Young adults have ________ working-memory capacity than children and ________ working-memory capacity than older adults.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Young adults have ________ working-memory capacity than...

Question 18

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared,Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges.Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory is the sensory memory that stores visual information for a short duration, typically less than a second. The mental image that Ileana retained of the lightning flash's ragged edges is an example of iconic memory. Working memory, procedural memory, and short-term memory do not pertain specifically to visual information.

Question 19

Moe is taking a statistics class but feels as though he is bad at math.He really wants to do well in the course.What advice should you give him?

Accepted Answer

Distributed practice allows for smaller, more frequent study sessions which have been shown to improve retention and understanding of the material. This is more effective than massed practice or cramming. The use of hierarchical organization may also be helpful, but it is not the best or only advice to give in this scenario.

Question 20

You have an exam tomorrow.If you stay up all night cramming for the exam,you are engaged in what is called

Accepted Answer

Massed practice involves cramming a lot of material into a short period of time, often through extensive study sessions or all-nighters. This method can be effective in the short term but is not the best strategy for long-term retention of information or successful learning.

Quiz 8: Memory