Question 1

The process by which a sequence of thoughts and action makes the sequence routine, so that it no longer requires conscious thought, is referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

Automatization refers to the process by which a sequence of thoughts and actions become routine and no longer require conscious thought. Selective attention refers to the ability to focus on one thing while ignoring others, divided attention refers to the ability to pay attention to more than one thing at a time, and reaction time refers to the time it takes to react to a stimulus.

Question 2

The belief that children's immune systems need to be exposed to viruses and bacteria in order to strengthen them, but that children are overprotected from this exposure, is called the _____.

Accepted Answer

The belief that children's immune systems need to be exposed to viruses and bacteria in order to strengthen them is known as the hygiene hypothesis. This theory suggests that children are being overprotected from exposure to germs and other microorganisms in their environment, which may be contributing to the rise in allergies and autoimmune diseases seen in recent years. The other answer options (sterile environment theory, spore theory, immunity hypothesis) do not accurately describe this belief.

Question 3

Monica brought her 10-year-old son to see the doctor because he was having problems breathing. The doctor informed Monica that her son had inflammation of the airways. Monica's son was diagnosed with _____.

Accepted Answer

Inflammation of the airways is a common symptom of asthma. Obesity, sleep apnea, and diabetes are not necessarily related to respiratory issues such as inflammation of the airways.

Question 4

With respect to asthma, the hygiene hypothesis is supported by data showing all of the following EXCEPT _____.

Accepted Answer

The hygiene hypothesis suggests that exposure to certain microorganisms early in life can prevent the development of asthma and other allergies. Therefore, farm children who are exposed to a wide variety of microorganisms and first-born children who have less exposure to germs from siblings are less likely to develop asthma. However, city children who have less exposure to these microorganisms are more likely to develop asthma. Therefore, option D is false and does not support the hygiene hypothesis.

Question 5

Austin is in the grocery store with his mom and he sees the candy-like cereal he saw advertised on television. He asks his mom to purchase it and she says no. He continues to beg, bargain, and pout until she concedes. Austin demonstrated _____ power.

Accepted Answer

Austin's behavior of begging, bargaining, and pouting until his mom concedes shows his persistence in pestering his mom into getting what he wants, hence demonstrating pestering power.

Question 6

Since 1980 the rate of childhood asthma in the United States has _____.

Accepted Answer

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the rate of childhood asthma in the United States has tripled since 1980.

Question 7

Nine-year-old Brian was invited to be part of the basketball team but his friend Alex was not. Brian thinks that Alex is a good basketball player. Brian is evaluating the situation and trying to decide if it was fair. What helps Brian with this decision is _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Nine-year-old Brian was invited to be part...

Question 8

Eight-year-old Molly is able to listen to her teacher and concentrate on what she is saying even when her friends are talking around her. Molly is able to do this because of an improvement in _____.

Accepted Answer

Selective attention refers to the ability to selectively focus on one stimulus while ignoring others. In this case, Molly is able to focus on her teacher's voice while tuning out the distractions of her friends talking around her.

Question 9

During middle childhood, children themselves contribute to weight gain by getting adults to do what they want, such as buying them candy or junk food. The ability of children to get adults to do what they want has been referred to as _____ power.

Accepted Answer

The term "pester power" refers to the ability of children to nag or pester adults, often their parents, into purchasing items they may not otherwise buy, such as candy or junk food. This concept highlights how children can influence purchasing decisions within the family.

Question 10

How long it takes to respond to a stimulus is referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

Reaction time is the time it takes for an individual to respond to a stimulus. It is commonly measured in experiments to determine cognitive or physical abilities. The other options are not accurate as "stimulus response" is not a specific term, "waiting period" does not relate to a response time, and "response time" is too general and does not specify the time it takes to respond to a stimulus.

Question 11

William was doing a class report on asthma and learned that several factors may contribute to its development, including all of the following EXCEPT _____.

Accepted Answer

Sunlight is not a factor that contributes to the development of asthma; however, genetic predisposition (alleles), environmental allergens (carpets), and poor ventilation (airtight windows) are all known to increase the risk of developing asthma.

Question 12

Obesity has increased because it is common for _____.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that preschoolers who watch TV and consume sugary drinks like soda are more likely to become obese than those who do not.

Question 13

What allows children to master the ability to read?

Accepted Answer

Massive interconnections in the brain allow children to master the ability to read as reading requires multiple areas of the brain to work together in a coordinated manner. These interconnections form over time as the child learns and practices reading skills.

Question 14

The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others is referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

Selective attention refers to the ability to focus on certain stimuli while filtering out others, meaning ignoring irrelevant or distracting information.

Question 15

Adults living in the United States but born elsewhere have lower rates of obesity than do the native born, and the children of these immigrants have _____ obesity rates.

Accepted Answer

The children of immigrants often adopt the lifestyle and dietary habits of the native-born population, leading to higher obesity rates compared to their immigrant parents.

Question 16

Tina is just learning to read. It takes a lot of work for her to read even one sentence because she needs to sound out every word. After a while Tina will be able to read without thinking about the words. She will then be able to concentrate on the concepts of the text. _____ allows Tina to become a more skilled reader.

Accepted Answer

Automatization refers to the process of making a skill automatic through repeated practice. In the context of reading, this means that Tina will eventually be able to recognize words without having to sound them out, freeing up her cognitive resources to focus on comprehension and analysis of the text.

Question 17

A 3-year-old has a harder time catching a ball, whereas a 9-year-old has an easier time catching a ball. One contributing factor for why the 9-year-old has an easier time catching the ball in contrast to the 3-year-old is _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 3-year-old has a harder time catching...

Question 18

Which child is more likely to develop asthma?

Accepted Answer

Children who live in cities are more likely to develop asthma due to increased exposure to air pollution and allergens. Living on a farm, experiencing a vaginal delivery, and birth order are not significant factors in the development of asthma.

Question 19

Borrelli et al. (2010) conducted an intervention study that focused on 133 Latino caregivers of children with asthma. The caregivers smoked and did not necessarily want to quit. Over the course of the study the caregivers were shown the amount of smoke the children were being exposed to and counseled on different approaches to quitting smoking. After three months, the results of the study revealed that _____ of the caregivers had quit smoking and the children's asthma attacks were _____ frequent.

Accepted Answer

According to the study results, 25% of the caregivers had quit smoking after the intervention. Additionally, the children's asthma attacks were reported to be less frequent as a result of the intervention.

Question 20

Asthma is a disorder caused by _____ the airways.

Accepted Answer

Asthma is caused by inflammation of the airways, which makes them narrow and leads to symptoms like difficulty breathing, chest tightness, and wheezing.

Quiz 11: Seciton 3: Middle Childhood: Biosocial Development