Question 1

Equity theory is a motivational theory that explains how people strive for ________ and ___________ in social exchanges.

Accepted Answer

Equity theory proposes that individuals seek fairness and justice in social exchanges. They strive for a balance between what they put into a situation and what they get out of it. If they perceive an inequality or unfairness, they will be motivated to restore balance by adjusting their inputs or outcomes. Therefore, it is important for organizations to provide equal pay and opportunities to all employees to ensure that they feel valued and motivated to work towards the goals of the organization.

Question 2

Managers have gained insight from research based on goal setting.Which of the following is not an accurate insight regarding goal setting?

Accepted Answer

The statement that difficult goals lead to lower performance is not accurate. Research has consistently shown that specific, challenging goals lead to higher performance compared to easy or vague goals.

Question 3

What are the three key concepts that make up the Vroom's expectancy theory?

Accepted Answer

The three key concepts that make up the Vroom's expectancy theory are expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Expectancy refers to the belief that exerting effort will lead to high performance, instrumentality refers to the belief that high performance will lead to rewards, and valence refers to the value an individual places on the rewards. Therefore, option E, which lists expectancy, instrumentality, and valence, is the correct choice.

Question 4

Which core job characteristic refers to an individual performing a whole or completely identifiable piece of work?

Accepted Answer

Task identity refers to an individual performing a whole or completely identifiable piece of work. Skill variety refers to the range of skills needed to complete a task, task significance refers to the impact of the task on others, autonomy refers to the level of control an individual has over their work, and feedback refers to the information an individual receives about their performance.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a managerial implication of expectancy theory?

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory emphasizes understanding what employees value, linking rewards to performance, and ensuring that employees believe their efforts will lead to desired performance levels and rewards. Keeping pay decisions secret does not align with the transparency and communication principles of expectancy theory, making it a managerial action not recommended by the theory.

Question 6

Maslow's need hierarchy theory indicates which of the following needs?

Accepted Answer

Maslow's need hierarchy theory includes safety, physiological, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

Question 7

If performance is measured at the individual level,rewards must be given

Accepted Answer

If performance is measured at the individual level, rewards should be given for individual achievement, as this is the basis on which performance is being measured. Giving rewards to all team members may not be appropriate if not all members have demonstrated exceptional performance, and waiting until the next performance appraisal may not be timely or effective in motivating the individual to continue performing at a high level. The whole company benefiting or the valence of the reward are not the primary concerns when measuring individual performance.

Question 8

According to the managerial and organizational implications of expectancy theory,which of the following implications are for organizations,not for managers?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the managerial and organizational implications...

Question 9

According to Locke's model,goal setting has four motivational mechanisms.Which of the following is NOT considered a motivational mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Initiating progressive conflict is not considered a motivational mechanism by Locke's model of goal setting. The other four options (A, C, D, and E) are all considered motivational mechanisms by the model.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT considered an intrinsic motivator?

Accepted Answer

Job promotion is considered an extrinsic motivator because it is an external reward or consequence for behavior rather than an inherent aspect of the task or activity itself. The other options are all examples of intrinsic motivators because they are inherent aspects of the task or activity that drive individuals to engage in the behavior for its own sake.

Question 11

The desire to accomplish something difficult; to master,manipulate,or organize physical objects,human beings,or ideas are a part of McClelland's need for

Accepted Answer

The desire to accomplish something difficult and to master, manipulate, or organize physical objects, human beings, or ideas are all characteristics of McClelland's need for achievement. This need is associated with a strong desire to succeed and a tendency to take calculated risks in order to achieve one's goals. People with a high need for achievement typically seek out challenging tasks and situations in order to test their abilities and prove their competence.

Question 12

Psychological processes that cause the arousal,direction,and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed is the definition for

Accepted Answer

The definition given perfectly fits the definition of motivation, which is the driving force behind action, behavior, and goal-directed behavior. Option A, B, D, and E are related to motivation, but they don't describe the given definition accurately.

Question 13

The three specific ways to redesign jobs are:

Accepted Answer

The three specific ways to redesign jobs are job enlargement, job enrichment, and job rotation. Job enlargement involves increasing the number of tasks an employee performs to reduce boredom and create variety. Job enrichment involves giving employees more autonomy, responsibility, and control over their work to increase job satisfaction. Job rotation involves moving employees between different job roles to expand their skill set and knowledge, and prevent boredom or burnout. These three methods are effective ways to improve employee motivation, job satisfaction, and performance.

Question 14

Goals should be set at a high level,but they should be achievable.This statement is advocating which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Goals should be set at a high...

Question 15

Which three core job characteristics combine to determine the experienced meaningfulness at work?

Accepted Answer

Skill variety, task significance, and task identity are the three core job characteristics that combine to determine the experienced meaningfulness of work, according to the Job Characteristics Model.

Question 16

People who prefer to spend time maintaining social relationships,joining groups and wanting to be loved most likely have a need for

Accepted Answer

The need for affiliation refers to the desire to interact with others and engage in social activities. This includes joining groups, maintaining social relationships, and feeling a sense of belonging. It is related to the need for love and affection, which is a fundamental human need.

Question 17

Anna,a market researcher,enjoys the freedom and independence she has over her job.Which core job characteristic is Anna experiencing?

Accepted Answer

Anna is experiencing autonomy, which is the degree to which her job provides her with freedom, independence, and discretion in scheduling work and determining how it is to be done.

Question 18

The following are all prerequisites for linking performance and reward except:

Accepted Answer

Implementing the same rewards for all employees does not allow for differentiation in performance and may not be motivating for high performers. It is important for managers to differentiate rewards based on individual performance and contributions.

Question 19

Which of the following are core job characteristics according to the job characteristic model?

Accepted Answer

According to the job characteristic model, the core job characteristics are skill variety, task identity and significance, autonomy, and feedback from the job. Therefore, the best choice is E, which includes all of these core job characteristics.

Question 20

Considering the expectancy theory,managers can enhance the effort by employees to meet performance expectations by helping employees.Managers can do this by increasing employee self-efficacy and:

Accepted Answer

Providing support and coaching is the best option to enhance employee effort according to the expectancy theory. This involves managers helping employees to develop the skills and knowledge necessary to meet performance expectations. By offering guidance, feedback, and resources, managers can help employees to build self-efficacy and improve their chances of success. This approach is likely to result in greater motivation and commitment from employees, who will feel supported and valued by their managers. In contrast, setting very difficult goals, monitoring valences for various rewards, or providing outcome contingents on performance may not be as effective in enhancing employee effort, since these approaches may not address the underlying factors that drive employee motivation and engagement. Understanding employee expectations is important, but alone may not be enough to stimulate greater effort.

Quiz 5: Appreciating Individual Differences: Intelligence, ability, personality, core Self-Evaluations, attitudes, and Emotions

Equity theory is a motivational theory that explains how people strive for and ___ in social exchanges.