What Is the Closest Observation One Can Make About the Statement

What is the closest observation one can make about the statement: "Marketing research can examine the effects of a change in any element of the marketing mix on customer perception and behavior?"

A) Marketing research does not make decisions.
B) Marketing research can forecast with certainty what will happen in the future.
C) Marketing research can increase the risks associated with managing marketing strategies.
D) Marketing research can investigate effects of various marketing strategies after they have been implemented.