Question 1

How would Watson have explained why many people have a phobia of flying on airplanes?

Accepted Answer

Extensive news coverage of airplane crashes causes people to associate airplanes with danger, leading to a fear of flying. This phobia may also be reinforced by personal experiences or witnessing others' negative reactions to flying. The brain's inability to fully understand the physics of flight may also contribute to feelings of discomfort or fear. However, the fear of being trapped in small spaces is more closely associated with claustrophobia rather than a fear of flying on airplanes specifically.

Question 2

Learning that occurs but is not expressed until later is called

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that occurs but is not immediately expressed in behavior. This type of learning may be expressed at a later time when it becomes relevant to the individual. Observational learning, classical conditioning, and discriminative learning do not involve delayed expression of learning.

Question 3

Most mornings,Becky listens to her favourite song as she gets ready for work,including putting in her contact lenses.One afternoon,Becky hears her favourite song playing,and her eyes start watering-something that usually only happens when she puts in her contacts.If this is an example of classical conditioning,what is the unconditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus is the natural trigger that causes a response without any previous conditioning. In this case, the unconditioned stimulus is putting in Becky's contacts, which naturally causes her eyes to water.

Question 4

A rat is conditioned to press a lever for food.One day,a food pellet jams in the automatic feeder and the rat no longer receives food after pressing the lever.After a few minutes,the rat eventually stops pressing the lever.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of extinction, where the behavior of pressing the lever is no longer reinforced with food due to the jammed feeder. The rat eventually stops pressing the lever as the behavior becomes extinct. Negative reinforcement would involve the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring. Classical conditioning involves learning through association between two stimuli. Avoidance learning involves learning to avoid an aversive stimulus through behavior. None of these apply to the scenario described.

Question 5

In classical conditioning,a(n)_____ becomes a(n)_____,which elicits a response.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus (which does not inherently elicit a response) becomes a conditioned stimulus (which now elicits a response) after being consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus (which naturally elicits the response). Therefore, option A correctly identifies the process.

Question 6

Which of the following statements best describes our current understanding of the relationship between exposure to media violence and future aggression?

Accepted Answer

Our current understanding suggests that there is a positive correlation between exposure to media violence and future aggression. This means that individuals who are exposed to media violence are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior in the future. However, it is important to note that this relationship is not a causal one, meaning that exposure to media violence does not necessarily cause aggression. Other factors, such as personal characteristics and life experiences, also play a role in determining whether or not an individual will exhibit aggressive behavior.

Question 7

The word negative in the term negative reinforcement refers to

Accepted Answer

In negative reinforcement, the word "negative" refers to the removal or avoidance of an aversive or unpleasant stimulus. It is often used to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior by removing something unpleasant that occurs immediately after the behavior.

Question 8

An important distinction between classical and operant conditioning is that

Accepted Answer

The main difference between classical and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning, the presentation of stimuli is independent of the subject's behavior, while in operant conditioning, the subject's behavior affects the presentation of stimuli. In classical conditioning, the subject learns to associate an involuntary response with a stimulus, while in operant conditioning, the subject learns to associate a voluntary behavior with a consequence. Therefore, option D is correct in stating that classical conditioning does not involve responding affecting the presentation of stimuli, while operant conditioning does involve responding affecting the presentation of stimuli.

Question 9

Salivating in response to the specific bell that was used during training,but not to any other bells,is an example of

Accepted Answer

Discrimination refers to the ability to differentiate between different stimuli and respond selectively to only the correct one. In this case, the dog is able to discriminate between the specific bell that was used during training and other bells that may sound similar, and only salivates in response to the training bell.

Question 10

All other things being equal,an animal trained on which of the following schedules of reinforcement should experience extinction most quickly when the reinforcement is removed?

Accepted Answer

Animals trained on a fixed-ratio schedule will experience the quickest extinction when reinforcement is removed because they have learned to expect a specific number of responses before receiving the reinforcement. When the reinforcement is removed, the animal will quickly realize that no amount of responses will lead to reinforcement, and the behavior will extinguish. In contrast, animals trained on variable-ratio or variable-interval schedules may continue to perform the behavior for longer periods of time, even without reinforcement, due to the unpredictability of when the reinforcement may come. Fixed-interval schedules provide reinforcement after a certain amount of time has passed, regardless of how many responses were made, and can also lead to slower extinction.

Quiz 6: D: Learning

How would Watson have explained why many people have a phobia of flying on airplanes?

Learning that occurs but is not expressed until later is called

A rat is conditioned to press a lever for food.One day,a food pellet jams in the automatic feeder and the rat no longer receives food after pressing the lever.After a few minutes,the rat eventually stops pressing the lever.This is an example of

In classical conditioning,a(n) _ becomes a(n) _,which elicits a response.

Which of the following statements best describes our current understanding of the relationship between exposure to media violence and future aggression?

The word <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>negative</i> in the term negative reinforcement refers to

An important distinction between classical and operant conditioning is that

Salivating in response to the specific bell that was used during training,but not to any other bells,is an example of

All other things being equal,an animal trained on which of the following schedules of reinforcement should experience extinction most quickly when the reinforcement is removed?

Quiz 6: D: Learning

How would Watson have explained why many people have a phobia of flying on airplanes?

Learning that occurs but is not expressed until later is called

A rat is conditioned to press a lever for food.One day,a food pellet jams in the automatic feeder and the rat no longer receives food after pressing the lever.After a few minutes,the rat eventually stops pressing the lever.This is an example of

In classical conditioning,a(n) _____ becomes a(n) _____,which elicits a response.

Which of the following statements best describes our current understanding of the relationship between exposure to media violence and future aggression?

The word <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>negative</i> in the term negative reinforcement refers to

An important distinction between classical and operant conditioning is that

Salivating in response to the specific bell that was used during training,but not to any other bells,is an example of

All other things being equal,an animal trained on which of the following schedules of reinforcement should experience extinction most quickly when the reinforcement is removed?

In classical conditioning,a(n) _ becomes a(n) _,which elicits a response.