Question 1

Erik Erikson is known for his multi-stage theory of ______ development.

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory focuses on the psychosocial development of individuals throughout their lifespan, with eight stages that encompass various challenges and tasks that must be mastered for healthy psychological growth.

Question 2

Jamie is very competitive. According to Adler, she is most likely ______.

Accepted Answer

According to Adler's birth order theory, second-born children often feel the need to compete with their older siblings, which can make them more competitive.

Question 3

Horney believed that people relate to each other in each of the following ways EXCEPT moving ______.

Accepted Answer

Horney believed that people relate to each other in the following ways: moving toward others, moving away from others, and moving against others. However, she did not identify a way of relating to others as "moving with others."

Question 4

Erikson's theory divides personal development into ______ stages.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory divides personal development into eight stages, each of which is characterized by a unique crisis or challenge that individuals must resolve. These stages include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair.

Question 5

Adler spoke of a self-aware aspect of personality that strives to overcome obstacles and develop the individual's potential called ______.

Accepted Answer

Adler's concept of the creative self refers to the self-aware aspect of personality that strives to overcome obstacles and develop the individual's potential. The id is part of Freud's psychoanalytic theory and refers to our primitive, instinctual drives. The persona is part of Carl Jung's analytical psychology and refers to the social mask or facade we present to the world. The ego ideal is part of Freud's psychoanalytic theory and refers to an internalized ideal of perfection that we strive to achieve.

Question 6

For Erikson, one's sense of who one is and what one stands for is known as ______.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development includes the stage of identity versus role confusion during adolescence. This stage involves the development of ego identity, which is one's sense of who they are and what they stand for. The other options, such as the creative self, animus, and self-efficacy, are not specifically related to Erikson's concept of ego identity.

Question 7

Adler, like Jung, believed that ______ plays a major role in the formation of personality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Adler, like Jung, believed that ______ plays...

Question 8

Erikson's theory of personality grants more power to the ______ than Freud had allowed.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory emphasizes the role of the ego in personality development, as opposed to Freud's theory which gave more power to the id and superego.

Question 9

The founder of individual psychology is ______.

Accepted Answer

The founder of individual psychology is Alfred Adler. Karen Horney is known for her contributions to psychoanalysis, Carl Jung is known for his work on analytical psychology, and Fritz Perls is known for developing Gestalt therapy.

Question 10

Erikson labeled each of his developmental stages ______.

Accepted Answer

Erikson labeled each stage of development according to the life crisis that must be resolved at that stage. He believed that these crises or conflicts were necessary for healthy development and that successfully resolving them led to the acquisition of important virtues that would assist the individual in future crisis resolution.

Question 11

The psychologist who emphasized the importance of birth order in shaping personality is ______.

Accepted Answer

Alfred Adler was the psychologist who emphasized the importance of birth order in shaping personality. He believed that a person's position in their family (whether they are the oldest, middle, or youngest child) influences their personality and behavior.

Question 12

The theorist who first argued that it was not penis envy that made young women feel inferior to men, but rather the envy of social power and authority that men held in society, was ______.

Accepted Answer

This theory was proposed by Karen Horney, a neo-Freudian psychoanalyst who challenged and revised Freudian theories, specifically his concept of penis envy in women. Horney suggested that women don't envy the penis, but rather the social advantages and privileges that men have, such as being able to pursue careers, have power in society, and avoid the responsibilities associated with motherhood. This theory is often referred to as "womb envy," as Horney argued that men are envious of women's capacity for childbirth and motherhood.

Question 13

The conflict that Erikson felt characterized the preschool years (ages 4 to 5) was ______.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the conflict that characterizes the preschool years (ages 4 to 5) is initiative versus guilt. During this stage, children begin to develop a sense of purpose and are eager to take on new tasks and challenges. However, they may also feel guilty if they overstep boundaries or fail to meet expectations. Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the conflict that characterizes the toddler years (ages 1 to 3), while industry versus inferiority is the conflict that characterizes the school-age years (ages 6 to 11) and trust versus mistrust is the conflict that characterizes infancy (ages 0 to 1).

Question 14

Early psychodynamic theory taught that women who sought to compete with men in the workplace were suffering from ______.

Accepted Answer

Early psychodynamic theory, specifically the Freudian theory, taught that women who sought to compete with men in the workplace were suffering from unconscious penis envy, which meant they were envious of the male anatomy and power associated with it. This theory has been widely discredited and is no longer accepted in modern psychology.

Question 15

Bill is the CEO of a huge computer software firm. He has always been a natural leader and a high achiever. According to Adler, he is most likely ______.

Accepted Answer

According to Adler's birth order theory, first-born children tend to have leadership qualities and be high achievers due to their early position of authority and responsibility within the family.

Question 16

The conflict that Erikson felt characterized early childhood (ages 2 to 3) was ______.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the conflict that characterizes early childhood (ages 2 to 3) is autonomy versus shame and doubt. During this stage, children are learning to assert their independence and develop a sense of self-control. If they are not allowed to make decisions and explore their surroundings, they may feel ashamed or doubtful of their abilities. Therefore, option B is the correct choice. Options A, C, and D refer to conflicts that occur during later stages of development.

Question 17

For Erikson, the goal of adolescence is the attainment of ______.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the goal of adolescence is the attainment of ego identity. This stage is marked by the adolescent's struggle to find and establish their own sense of identity and to integrate various aspects of their personality into a unified whole. Successful resolution of this stage results in a sense of identity and direction for the future.

Question 18

The conflict that Erikson felt characterized infancy (birth to 1 year) was ______.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's conflict for the infancy stage is trust versus mistrust. Infants are entirely dependent on their caregivers, and if their needs are met, they develop trust. If their needs are not met consistently, they develop mistrust.

Question 19

A psychologist agrees with Freud that childhood experiences, particularly the parent-child relationship, play an important role in the development of personality, but disagrees with Freud on how he portrays women and the differences between girls and boys. He feels that interpersonal relationships are more important than sexual and aggressive impulses, and is more optimistic about children's abilities to overcome early traumatic experience. This psychologist's views are most like those of ______.

Accepted Answer

This psychologist's emphasis on the importance of childhood experiences and relationships and disagreement with Freud's portrayal of women and gender differences is most aligned with the views of Karen Horney. Horney believed that cultural and societal factors, as well as interpersonal relationships, were key influences on personality development. She also challenged Freud's views on gender and female psychology.

Question 20

Adler's personality theory emphasized ______.

Accepted Answer

Adler's personality theory emphasized the uniqueness of the individual and the importance of subjective experiences in shaping personality. He believed that individuals have a unique style of life or way of approaching the world that is influenced by their early childhood experiences, social context, and goals or aspirations. This style of life or subjective perception of reality shapes an individual's behavior, emotions, and attitudes toward themselves and others. Unlike Freud, Adler did not believe that sexual instincts alone were driving forces in human behavior. Instead, he focused on the importance of striving for superiority or self-improvement, and argued that individuals are motivated by their desire to overcome feelings of inferiority or weakness.

Quiz 2: Personality: What It Is, How Its Measured