Question 1

In-group favouritism and the out-group homogeneity bias were both mentioned as possible contributing causes of:

Accepted Answer

In-group favouritism and the out-group homogeneity bias are both factors that can contribute to prejudice towards out-group members. Groupthink and group polarization are more specifically related to decision-making in groups, while stereotype threat pertains to the impact of stereotypes on individuals' performance.

Question 2

The primary assumption behind the implicit association test is that people will respond more slowly to word pairs that they perceive as not "fitting together." The test further assumes that large discrepancies in reaction times are indicative of __________ negative underlying attitudes.

Accepted Answer

The word "more" fits the sentence contextually and grammatically. The sentence suggests that larger discrepancies in reaction times indicate stronger negative attitudes. Therefore, the assumption is that larger discrepancies in reaction times are indicative of more negative underlying attitudes.

Question 3

All of the following were mentioned as ways that people can maintain prejudices when confronted with contradictory information EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Options A, B, and C are all ways that people can maintain their prejudices despite contradictory evidence by attributing positive outcomes to factors other than the individual's inherent ability or worth. Option D, assuming someone's performance is the product of ability, would actually counteract prejudice by acknowledging the individual's competence, thus it was not mentioned as a way to maintain prejudices.

Question 4

The text makes an important distinction between prejudice,which refers to a negative attitude towards people based on their membership in a group,as compared to how treating people unfairly based on their group membership is considered to be _____________________ .

Accepted Answer

Prejudice is a negative attitude towards people based on their group membership, whereas discrimination refers to treating people unfairly based on their group membership.

Question 5

According to Sternberg,consummate love occurs when all forms of love are present in a relationship.This is the _________.

Accepted Answer

The triangular theory of love, developed by Sternberg, posits that love can be broken down into three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Consummate love occurs when all three components are present in a relationship, making it the fullest and most complete form of love. Therefore, the correct answer is C, the triangular theory of love. A, birds of a feather theory, and B, companionate theory, are not related to Sternberg's theory of love. D, love triad theory, is not a recognized theory of love.

Question 6

According to marital researcher Gottman,what are the four behaviours (termed the "Four Horseman of the Apocalypse")that are significantly associated with poor marital outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Gottman identified the Four Horseman of the Apocalypse as criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling, and found that these behaviours were significantly associated with poor marital outcomes. Option A includes pessimism instead of contempt, while Option C includes anger instead of stonewalling. Option D includes all four behaviours, but stonewalling is considered to be the most damaging of the four. Therefore, the best choice is B.

Question 7

The implicit association test is used specifically to assess:

Accepted Answer

The implicit association test (IAT) is designed to assess covert prejudice, which includes unconscious biases that people may have towards certain groups. It measures associations between different concepts, such as race and good/bad, and assesses how quickly a participant can associate different words. This provides insight into potential biases that the participant may not be consciously aware of. While the IAT may indirectly provide information about physiological arousal or stereotype threat, these are not its primary purposes.

Question 8

The tendency to prefer people in a group to which we belong and to attribute more positive qualities to people in this group is called:

Accepted Answer

In-group favouritism refers to the tendency to prefer individuals who belong in our group and to attribute more positive traits to them. Groupthink refers to the tendency to conform to a group's decision and suppress dissenting opinions, while group polarization refers to the tendency for a group to become more extreme in their views after discussing them as a group. Stereotyping refers to making assumptions about a group of people based on their group membership.

Question 9

All of the following marriage suggestions are supported by the results from marital research EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Research does not support the idea that couples should never express anger. In fact, expressing anger in a healthy and constructive way can improve communication and problem-solving skills in a marriage.

Question 10

The out-group homogeneity bias refers to the tendency:

Accepted Answer

The out-group homogeneity bias refers to the tendency to perceive members of an out-group as more similar to one another than they actually are, while viewing members of the in-group as more diverse. This bias can lead to stereotyping and discrimination towards the out-group.

Question 11

Sternberg's triangular theory of love can best be viewed as taking the original passionate-companionate love distinction and:

Accepted Answer

Sternberg's triangular theory of love splits companionate love into intimacy and commitment, while passion is the third component. This is different from the original passionate-companionate love distinction, which only had two components. Therefore, choice A is the best answer.

Question 12

A sexist man assumes that an assertive and strong woman whom he has just met must be a "feminist" and thus he is able to maintain his more general belief that women are passive and dependent.This example best demonstrates:

Accepted Answer

This scenario demonstrates how people can maintain stereotypes in the face of contradictory information. The man has just met an assertive and strong woman, which contradicts his belief that women are passive and dependent. To maintain his belief, he assumes that she must be a feminist, which allows him to continue to see women in a particular way. This is an example of confirmation bias, where people seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs and ignore information that challenges them.

Question 13

Alan and Allison have been married ten years.According to research by Gottman and his colleagues,which of the following ways of dealing with their anger is likely to help keep their marriage happy?

Accepted Answer

According to Gottman's research, making frequent repair attempts during conflicts can help keep marriages happy. Repair attempts are small gestures or comments made during a conflict that aim to reduce tension or help the couple reconnect emotionally. This can include apologies, expressing empathy, humor, or changing the subject to something positive. So, in order for Alan and Allison to keep their marriage happy, they should make frequent repair attempts during conflicts.

Question 14

The principal has just told Mrs.Snyder,a kindergarten teacher,that a new little girl will be joining her kindergarten class.The little girl is African-American and Mrs.Snyder believes that African-American children are not as bright as European-American children.Consequently,when speaking to the little girl,Mrs.Snyder speaks slower and tends not to explain answers to the little girl's questions in as much detail as she does to other children.Mrs.Snyder is showing _________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The principal has just told Mrs.Snyder,a kindergarten...

Question 15

Mary has an extremely negative attitude toward men.She turns down Jason's request for a raise simply because he is a man.Her behaviour toward Jason can be called discrimination which is based on her attitude or ___________.

Accepted Answer

Mary's negative attitude toward men is an example of prejudice, which means having preconceived notions or judgments about individuals based on their membership in a particular group. This prejudice leads her to discriminate against Jason, denying him a raise simply because he is a man. Option A, distaste, does not fully capture the bias and mindset that is driving Mary's behavior. Option B, stereotype, is related to prejudice but simply refers to generalized beliefs about a group, rather than active discrimination against individuals. Option C, typecast, is not a commonly used term in discussions of bias and discrimination.

Question 16

Prejudice is fostered in large part by competition for limited resources according to _______________theory.

Accepted Answer

Realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises from competition between groups for limited resources, such as land, jobs, or social status. As groups compete, they may view members of other groups as threats to their own access to these resources, leading to negative attitudes and discriminatory behavior.

Question 17

A person with covert prejudicial feelings towards gays and lesbians would most likely have the slowest reaction times to which of the following word pairs presented using the implicit association test?

Accepted Answer

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures the strength of associations between concepts and evaluations or stereotypes. A person with covert prejudicial feelings towards gays and lesbians would likely have slower reaction times to word pairs that contradict their biases, such as "gay-good" or "lesbian-good," because these pairings do not align with their negative implicit attitudes.

Question 18

Based on his triangular theory,Sternberg proposes that the "ultimate" form of love is:

Accepted Answer

According to Sternberg's triangular theory, consummate love is the highest form of love that includes intimacy, passion, and commitment. It is balanced and complete, involving not only emotional connection and physical attraction but also a long-term commitment to the relationship. Therefore, choice B is the best answer as it aligns with Sternberg's proposed "ultimate" form of love.

Question 19

The finding that male participants appeared to be more sexually attracted to an attractive female experimenter when she contacted them on the scary Capilano Suspension Bridge was presented as research evidence consistent with the ________________ model theory of love.

Accepted Answer

This finding supports the cognitive-arousal model theory of love, which suggests that physiological arousal can be interpreted as attraction if there is an appropriate love object present. The scary bridge increased physiological arousal, which was then misattributed as sexual attraction to the female experimenter.

Question 20

Roger is on a date with Heidi at an amusement park.They go on a rather scary roller coaster ride and after the ride,Roger's heart is pounding hard and he is emotionally aroused.Mistakenly,he starts to assume that these feelings are actually being produced by his reaction to Heidi and as a result,he starts to fall more in deeply in love with her.This example best demonstrates the:

Accepted Answer

The scenario best demonstrates the phenomenon of transfer of excitation, where the physiological arousal from one source (in this case, the roller coaster ride) is mistakenly attributed to another source (in this case, Heidi), leading to an increase in emotional feelings towards that source. The other options do not accurately describe the situation.

Quiz 16: Psychological Disorders