Question 1

According to the text,paper-and-pencil measures of personality,such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)and the NEO-PI,are most favoured by researchers associated with the ____________ approach to personality.

Accepted Answer

The trait approach to personality focuses on identifying and measuring the stable traits that make up an individual's personality. The use of paper-and-pencil measures such as the MMPI and the NEO-PI aligns with this approach. Researchers associated with the social cognitive approach may use more observational and experimental methods, while those associated with the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches may rely more on clinical interviews and qualitative methods.

Question 2

The basic assumption underlying projective tests is that if you present someone with a stimulus,the interpretation for this stimulus will come from within and thus presumably represent or reflect the person's inner needs and feelings.It is necessary that the stimulus is ______________.

Accepted Answer

The stimulus needs to be ambiguous in order to allow for subjective interpretation and projection of inner needs and feelings. A clearly sexual, psychodynamically meaningful, or provocative stimulus would likely limit or skew the range of responses.

Question 3

The concept of personality is based on the observations that people differ in meaningful ways and that people behave somewhat consistently across situations and over time.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Personality refers to the unique set of characteristics, behaviors, and patterns of thinking that define an individual and differentiate them from others. Research has found that certain traits and patterns of behavior tend to be relatively stable across time and situations, which supports the idea that personality is a meaningful construct.

Question 4

With personality scales constructed using the empirical approach,the researcher bases the construction of the test on:

Accepted Answer

Personality scales constructed using the empirical approach rely on research showing the unique responses various groups of people have to specific items. This approach emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence in the construction of the test, rather than relying solely on theoretical conceptions or personal intuition. Therefore, option D is the best choice.

Question 5

The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)are both examples of what are called:

Accepted Answer

The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are both examples of projective tests, which ask individuals to interpret ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or pictures, in order to reveal their unconscious thoughts and feelings. They are not considered objective measures of personality, which rely on self-report questionnaires or other standardized measurements.

Question 6

In the humanistic perspective of personality development,the concept "self-consistency" means the same thing as "congruence".

Accepted Answer

Self-consistency refers to maintaining a stable self-concept, while congruence refers to alignment between one's self-concept and experiences.

Question 7

Jordan is given a personality test where he is shown ambiguous pictures of people and is asked to tell a story about what he sees that includes such things as what led up to the current situation and how he thinks the story will be resolved.It is most likely that Jordan is taking the:

Accepted Answer

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) involves showing participants ambiguous pictures and asking them to create a story based on what they see. This helps to reveal underlying motives, fears, and concerns that may be otherwise difficult to access through other personality tests.

Question 8

When a person performs a task in order to pursue enhanced self-esteem the result can produce benefits for self-esteem but sometimes it can also produce costs like poor mental health.

Accepted Answer

Seeking enhanced self-esteem through task performance can be a double-edged sword, as while it can boost self-esteem, it can also lead to increased pressure and stress, which can negatively impact mental health.

Question 9

Which of the following psychological tests was created using the empirical approach to test construction?

Accepted Answer

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was created using the empirical approach to test construction, which involved administering the test to a large sample of individuals and using statistical techniques to identify patterns of responses that distinguished different groups. This allowed for the creation of scales that measured specific traits or psychopathological conditions. The NEO-PI, TAT, and Rorschach inkblot test were not created using this approach.

Question 10

A problem with completing a questionnaire designed to measure personality is that unconscious factors cannot be represented because by definition,we are unaware of them and their influence.In order to attempt to "tap" into this aspect of personality,________________ was/were developed.

Accepted Answer

Projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test or the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), are designed to elicit responses that reflect unconscious thoughts and feelings. Test takers are presented with ambiguous stimuli and asked to describe what they see or to tell a story about what is happening in the picture. Their responses can reveal deeper, unconscious meanings and motivations. The other options (B, C, and D) do not specifically address the issue of tapping into unconscious aspects of personality.

Question 11

Sigmund Freud specifically used the techniques of free association and dream analysis to increase the ego strength of his patients.

Accepted Answer

Freud used free association and dream analysis to explore the unconscious mind and uncover repressed thoughts, not specifically to increase ego strength.

Question 12

The humanistic concept of self-actualization specifically refers to people's need to maintain a consistent and congruent self-concept.

Accepted Answer

The humanistic concept of self-actualization refers to the realization of one's full potential and personal growth, rather than just a consistent self-concept.

Question 13

The hydraulic engine and other innovations designed to harness the power of physical energy were particularly influential as metaphors for Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis.

Accepted Answer

Freud often used hydraulic and mechanical metaphors to describe the workings of the human mind, such as the idea of mental energy being like the pressure of water in a hydraulic system. He also compared the relationship between conscious and unconscious processes to that of a steam engine. These analogies were influenced by the technological innovations of the time, including developments in the field of hydraulics.

Question 14

One of the criticisms of psychoanalytic theory is that it is so broad and comprehensive that it can explain almost any behavioural outcome and is therefore difficult to falsify.

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theory is often criticized for its lack of testability and falsifiability, as it can often be used to explain any behavioral outcome after the fact, making it difficult to disprove. This has led some to argue that psychoanalytic theory lacks scientific rigor as a result.

Question 15

In psychoanalytic theory,the ego is sometimes called the "executive of personality" because it must formulate compromises between the id's wants,the environment's demands,and the superego's constraints.

Accepted Answer

This statement accurately reflects the psychoanalytic view of the ego as the part of the psyche that mediates between the conflicting demands of the id, superego, and external reality.

Question 16

According to Carl Rogers,limitations that determine when people approve or disprove of themselves are known as conditions of worth.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed that individuals develop conditions of worth, which are external standards that they have internalized and use as guidelines for evaluating their own worth. These conditions can be based on societal expectations, parental expectations, or other external factors, and can lead to individuals striving to meet these standards even if they are not in line with their true selves.

Question 17

According to Sigmund Freud,the superego is also often considered to be "executive of the personality" because of its moral and ethical standards.

Accepted Answer

The "executive of the personality" is actually the ego, not the superego. The ego mediates between the id, superego, and reality, while the superego represents moral and ethical standards.

Question 18

A researcher who is interested in the biological factors associated with personality would most likely use which of the following personality assessment methods?

Accepted Answer

Physiological measures, such as brain imaging or measuring hormone levels, can provide insight into the underlying biological factors associated with personality. Behavioral assessments may provide some information but do not directly measure biological factors. Interviews and psychological scales rely on self-report and do not directly measure biological factors.

Question 19

Researchers associated with the psychodynamic tradition tend to favour the use of projective tests like the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT),while researchers who rely more on behavioural assessments and often ask people to rate their expectations and abilities are affiliated with the _____________ approach.

Accepted Answer

Researchers who use behavioural assessments and ask people to rate their expectations and abilities are affiliated with the social cognitive approach. This approach emphasizes the role of cognition in determining behaviour and personality. It focuses on how people perceive and interpret information from their environment, and how this influences their behaviours and choices. Conversely, the psychodynamic tradition tends to favour projective tests, which rely on participants' free associations to ambiguous stimuli to reveal unconscious motivations and conflicts.

Question 20

One of the important factors to consider when evaluating the usefulness of a theory is whether the theory stimulates the discovery of new knowledge.

Accepted Answer

Theories that stimulate the discovery of new knowledge are considered useful because they contribute to the advancement of knowledge and understanding in a particular field. The ability to generate new research questions and hypotheses is a key characteristic of a useful theory.

Quiz 12: Development Over the Lifespan

According to the text,paper-and-pencil measures of personality,such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the NEO-PI,are most favoured by researchers associated with the ____________ approach to personality.