Question 1

A news magazine sends a questionnaire to a representative sample of voters to determine voting preferences in an upcoming election. This is an example of ________ research.
A) survey
B) naturalistic
C) observational
D) archival

Accepted Answer

The scenario described involves administering a survey to a sample of voters. Therefore, it is an example of survey research.

Question 2

An in-depth description of the emotions of victims of tornados would be an example of __________ research
A) case study
B) naturalistic
C) observational
D) archival

Accepted Answer

A case study is an in-depth analysis of a particular individual, group, or event. In this scenario, the emotions experienced by victims of tornados are being studied in-depth, which is typical of a case study. Naturalistic, observational, and archival research, on the other hand, concentrate on observing and documenting phenomena in their usual settings.

Question 3

Naturalistic observation is also called ________ research
A) unobtrusive
B) nonreactive
C) participant-observer
D) Both a and b are true.

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation is a type of research where the observer remains unobtrusive and nonreactive, making it both unobtrusive and nonreactive research.

Question 4

Because researchers using naturalistic observation make an effort not to intrude upon the behavior that they are studying, this methods is sometimes called
A) Unobtrusive
B) Unethical
C) Reactive
D) Participant

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation is an unobtrusive method of research where the observer simply records the behavior of interest in a natural setting without interfering or intervening in any way. Therefore, Choice A, which describes this characteristic, is the most appropriate answer. Choice B, unethical, is incorrect because there is no violation of ethical norms in naturalistic observation. Choice C, reactive, is incorrect because the subjects being observed are not aware that they are being observed, so they cannot change their behavior in response to the observation. Choice D, participant, is incorrect because in naturalistic observation the researcher remains detached and does not participate in the activity being observed.

Question 5

What makes nonexperimental research correlational is that it
A) computes a correlation between two variables
B) requires a scattergram of two variables for interpretation
C) determines a cause-effect relationship between two variables
D) does not manipulate an independent variable

Accepted Answer

Nonexperimental research does not involve manipulation of an independent variable, which is what makes it correlational. Option A is not entirely accurate since not all nonexperimental research computes a correlation between two variables, although it may involve examining relationships between variables. Option B is also not entirely accurate since a scattergram is not a requirement for nonexperimental research, although it may be used to visualize the data. Finally, option C is incorrect because nonexperimental research cannot determine a cause-effect relationship.

Question 6

The finding that people who drink red wine have better health is the result of __________ research.
A) experimental
B) correlational
C) archival
D) case study

Accepted Answer

The finding that people who drink red wine have better health is a result of correlational research, as it identifies a relationship between two variables (red wine consumption and health). However, it does not establish causation, as there could be other factors at play. An experimental design would involve manipulating red wine consumption and observing the health outcomes, but this is not feasible or ethical in this case. Archival research involves analyzing pre-existing data sources, and a case study involves a detailed examination of one or a few cases, neither of which apply to this situation.

Question 7

A study of existing records is called ____________ research
A) survey
B) naturalistic
C) observational
D) archival

Accepted Answer

Archival research involves examining existing data such as historical records, public documents, and previous research studies.

Question 8

The concept of hermeneutics is concerned with
A) finding better ways to record behavior
B) finding better ways to observe behavior
C) interpreting themes as opposed to causes
D) interpreting reasons as opposed to causes

Accepted Answer

The answer of The concept of hermeneutics is concerned with
A)...

Question 9

All of the following are true of nonexperimental research except:
A) No attempt is made to manipulate an independent variable.
B) The researcher cannot assign subjects to groups.
C) Data collection procedures often compromise some degree of control.
D) The researcher is unable to specify the probability of a subject being included in the sample.

Accepted Answer

Nonexperimental research can still use sampling techniques to ensure a representative sample, so the researcher can specify the probability of a subject being included in the sample. Therefore, option D is not true of nonexperimental research.

Question 10

Experimental research typically has a higher level of ____________ than nonexperimental methodology.
A) Validity
B) Reliability
C) Control
D) Randomization

Accepted Answer

Experimental research involves manipulating an independent variable while controlling extraneous variables that could impact the outcome. This control helps to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables, which is not possible in nonexperimental research. Thus, experimental research has a higher level of control than nonexperimental methods. Validity, reliability, and randomization are also important in experimental research, but they are not necessarily higher than in nonexperimental methods.

Question 11

"___________________" is an example of a question that might be asked by someone performing qualitative research
A) Do pesticides cause cancer?
B) How do people writing blogs understand themselves?
C) What is the effect of music during studying on test scores?
D) Does the presence of laughter affect emotion?

Accepted Answer

Qualitative research aims to understand the experiences, perspectives, and meaning behind certain attitudes or behaviors. Option B is an example of a question that delves into the personal understanding of individuals and their subjective experiences, making it a suitable choice for qualitative research. Options A, C, and D, on the other hand, involve more objective and quantitative measurements that may require statistical analyses.

Question 12

The hermeneutic approach
A) seeks reasons, not causes
B) seeks causes, not reasons
C) avoids interpretation
D) Both b and c are true

Accepted Answer

The hermeneutic approach seeks to understand the meaning behind a text or phenomenon, rather than looking for causes or avoiding interpretation altogether. It involves a deep analysis of the cultural, historical, and linguistic context of the text, as well as a consideration of the reader's own background and biases. Therefore, the correct answer is A, since the hermeneutic approach is focused on finding reasons behind the text, rather than just identifying causes or avoiding interpretation.

Question 13

Which one of the following scenarios best demonstrates the use of physical trace measures?
A) Researchers examine the drawings of a group of four and five year old children for evidence of trauma or sexual abuse.
B) A researcher compares the final exam scores of two groups of college freshman students enrolled in two separate reading courses.
C) A classroom reading teacher examines the books on her classroom reading shelf for signs of wear to see what ones are read most.
D) Researchers blind to experimental conditions observe and record the behavior of two groups of schizophrenic patients who have been given two different experimental drugs.

Accepted Answer

Physical trace measures involve examining physical evidence or artifacts to gather information. In this scenario, the classroom reading teacher is examining the wear and tear on books to determine which ones are being read most, which is an example of using physical trace measures. The other scenarios involve different types of measurements such as academic performance (B), behavioral observations (D), and analyzing drawings (A).

Question 14

In a comparison of the social interaction patterns of gorillas, a scientist spends several months observing and recording behavior of gorillas in each group of her samples. This is an example of _______ research.
A) participant observation
B) naturalistic observation
C) survey
D) case study

Accepted Answer

This is an example of naturalistic observation because the scientist is observing and recording the behavior of gorillas in their natural habitat without any intervention or manipulation. A) participant observation typically involves the researcher actively participating in the group they are studying, which is not described here. C) surveys involve gathering data through questionnaires or interviews and D) case studies involve in-depth analysis of a particular individual or group, neither of which fully apply to this scenario.

Question 15

Which one of the following scenarios best demonstrates the concept of hermeneutics?
A) A parole officer obtains urine specimens from several parolees and has them analyzed for evidence of substance abuse.
B) Guards in a prisoner-of-war camp analyze the out-going mail of prisoners to determine if an escape attempt is being plotted.
C) A supervisor of graduate student teachers administers a questionnaire to students to determine the effectiveness of student-teachers.
D) The director of a day care center observes and records the interactions among the children to identify potentially aggressive ones.

Accepted Answer

Hermeneutics is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts. It traditionally focuses on understanding the meaning behind written texts or symbolic representations. In option B, analyzing the out-going mail of prisoners to determine if an escape attempt is being plotted involves interpreting the underlying meaning or intentions behind the written words, which aligns with the principles of hermeneutics.

Question 16

If a researcher watches shoppers for signs of anxiety during checkout via television monitoring, the researcher is performing a _________________ study
A) survey
B) naturalistic
C) observational
D) archival

Accepted Answer

The researcher in this scenario is performing an observational study, as they are simply observing behavior without any attempts to manipulate or control variables. Both survey and archival studies involve collecting and analyzing data that has already been gathered, whereas naturalistic studies involve researchers observing behavior in natural settings without any manipulation.

Question 17

If a researcher performs an experiment where half of the participants perform a memory task in the presence of distracting noise such as a jack hammer) while the other half do not, the researcher has
A) Assigned the independent variable of memory task outcome
B) Manipulated the dependent variable of memory task outcome
C) Manipulated the independent variable of noise level
D) Assigned the dependent variable of noise level

Accepted Answer

The researcher has manipulated the independent variable of noise level by having one group perform the memory task with distracting noise and the other group perform the memory task without distracting noise. The dependent variable being studied is the memory task outcome, which is not manipulated by the researcher. Therefore, choices A and B are incorrect as they attribute manipulation to the dependent variable rather than the independent variable. Choice D is also incorrect as the researcher did not assign the dependent variable of noise level, but instead manipulated the independent variable of noise level.

Question 18

In a study of the relation between creativity and intelligence, a researcher administers a creativity test to fourth, sixth, and ninth grade students whose intelligence has just been measured. This is an example of _________ research.
A) correlational
B) archival
C) survey
D) case study

Accepted Answer

This is an example of correlational research because the researcher is examining the relationship between two variables (creativity and intelligence) by measuring them both in the same group of individuals.

Question 19

If a researcher is observing how students in two already existing classes at a college learn, then the researcher has not ___________ participants to groups.
A) Assigned
B) Delegated
C) Correlated
D) Manipulated

Accepted Answer

If the researcher is observing how students in two already existing classes learn, then they are not assigning participants to groups. The other options do not accurately describe what the researcher is doing.

Question 20

Nonexperimental research sometimes has to forfeit ______________ in return for obtaining the data
A) Money
B) Control
C) Variability
D) Analysis

Accepted Answer

Nonexperimental research often has limited control over extraneous variables, which can affect the validity of the study. However, this tradeoff allows researchers to collect data in real-world settings without manipulating the variables of interest. Money, variability, and analysis can all still be obtained in nonexperimental research designs.

Quiz 8: Nonexperimental Research, Part I: Observational,

A news magazine sends a questionnaire to a representative sample of voters to determine voting preferences in an upcoming election. This is an example of ________ research.

An in-depth description of the emotions of victims of tornados would be an example of __________ research

Naturalistic observation is also called ________ research

Because researchers using naturalistic observation make an effort not to intrude upon the behavior that they are studying, this methods is sometimes called

What makes nonexperimental research correlational is that it

The finding that people who drink red wine have better health is the result of __________ research.

A study of existing records is called ____________ research

The concept of hermeneutics is concerned with

All of the following are true of nonexperimental research except:

Experimental research typically has a higher level of ____________ than nonexperimental methodology.

"___________________" is an example of a question that might be asked by someone performing qualitative research

The hermeneutic approach

Which one of the following scenarios best demonstrates the use of physical trace measures?

In a comparison of the social interaction patterns of gorillas, a scientist spends several months observing and recording behavior of gorillas in each group of her samples. This is an example of _______ research.

Which one of the following scenarios best demonstrates the concept of hermeneutics?

If a researcher watches shoppers for signs of anxiety during checkout via television monitoring, the researcher is performing a _________________ study

If a researcher performs an experiment where half of the participants perform a memory task in the presence of distracting noise such as a jack hammer) while the other half do not, the researcher has

In a study of the relation between creativity and intelligence, a researcher administers a creativity test to fourth, sixth, and ninth grade students whose intelligence has just been measured. This is an example of _________ research.

If a researcher is observing how students in two already existing classes at a college learn, then the researcher has not ___________ participants to groups.

Nonexperimental research sometimes has to forfeit ______________ in return for obtaining the data