Question 1

A disorder that appears in childhood involving deficiencies in communication,rigidly fixated interests,and repetitive behaviors is known as

Accepted Answer

The disorder described in the question matches the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder, which is a neurodevelopmental disorder that typically appears in early childhood and is characterized by difficulties in communication and social interaction, as well as repetitive and fixated behaviors. Stranger anxiety, infantile amnesia, and fetal alcohol syndrome are not related to the symptoms described in the question.

Question 2

Recognizing whether someone's facial expression is a happy smile or a self-satisfied smirk is especially difficult for those with

Accepted Answer

Those with autism spectrum disorder often struggle with facial recognition and interpreting social cues, which can make it difficult to distinguish between different facial expressions.

Question 3

If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation,they are unable to

Accepted Answer

The principle of conservation refers to the understanding that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape. Therefore, if children cannot grasp this principle, they are unable to recognize this concept. Choices A, B, and D do not directly relate to conservation.

Question 4

Three-year-olds were shown a model of a room with a miniature stuffed dog placed behind a miniature couch.By using the model to locate an actual stuffed dog behind a couch in a real room,the children demonstrated their capacity for

Accepted Answer

The children demonstrated their capacity for symbolic thinking, as they were able to understand that the model represented a real room and could use it to locate the stuffed dog in the actual room. This is a demonstration of the ability to use symbols to represent real objects or concepts. Egocentrism, conservation, and concrete operational reasoning are not relevant to the task or demonstrated by the children's behavior.

Question 5

An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with

Accepted Answer

Impaired theory of mind, which refers to the ability to understand and predict others' mental states, is a prominent characteristic of autism spectrum disorder. Individuals with autism may struggle with recognizing or empathizing with others' emotions, intentions, and beliefs.

Question 6

According to Piaget,egocentrism refers to

Accepted Answer

Piaget's concept of egocentrism specifically refers to the difficulty young children have in perceiving things from another person's point of view. This includes an inability to understand that others may have different thoughts, feelings, and perspectives than their own. It is a central aspect of cognitive development during the preoperational stage of childhood.

Question 7

Based on a fraudulent 1998 study,some parents were misled into thinking that the childhood MMR vaccine increased the risk of

Accepted Answer

The fraudulent 1998 study suggested a link between the MMR vaccine and autism spectrum disorder, causing some parents to avoid vaccinating their children. However, numerous subsequent studies have shown no such link between the vaccine and autism.

Question 8

Children exposed to high levels of prenatal testosterone while in the womb develop more

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that high levels of prenatal testosterone have been linked to the development of ASD-related traits in children.

Question 9

According to Piaget,a child can represent things with words and images but cannot reason with logic during the ________ stage.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the preoperational stage (age 2-7) is characterized by the child's ability to use symbols such as words and images to represent objects and events, but they lack the ability to reason logically. This stage is followed by the concrete operational stage (age 7-11) where children can think logically about concrete objects and events. The formal operational stage (age 11-adulthood) is the final stage where individuals can think abstractly and reason hypothetically.

Question 10

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present.This best illustrates Piaget's concept of

Accepted Answer

Egocentrism is the cognitive bias where individuals tend to view the world from their own perspective and have difficulty understanding different viewpoints. In this scenario, Jennifer is assuming that her own desire for a toy doll is the same as her mother's desire, which is an example of egocentrism. The other options, accommodation, object permanence, and conservation, are not relevant to this scenario.

Question 11

Chloe can clearly sense when her sister's teasing is intended to be friendly fun or a hostile put-down.This best illustrates that Chloe has developed a(n)

Accepted Answer

The ability to understand other people's mental states and intentions, known as theory of mind, allows Chloe to differentiate between her sister's friendly teasing and hurtful insults. This suggests that she has developed a sophisticated understanding of how other people think and feel.

Question 12

Incorrectly assuming that something that is clearly understood by us will also be clearly understood by others illustrates

Accepted Answer

This statement describes the concept of egocentrism, which is the tendency to view the world solely from one's own perspective and assuming that others share that perspective.

Question 13

Zach has difficulty understanding whether a friend's pouting facial expression signals sadness or affection.Zach's difficulty would be especially common for those with

Accepted Answer

Difficulty understanding nonverbal cues and social cues is a common trait in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. This can include difficulty understanding facial expressions and emotions in others.

Question 14

Evidence that preschoolers develop a theory of mind suggests that Piaget overestimated young children's

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that young children were extremely egocentric and unable to understand other people's perspectives. However, research on theory of mind has shown that even preschoolers are capable of understanding that others may have different thoughts or beliefs than their own. Therefore, Piaget overestimated the extent of young children's egocentrism.

Question 15

Ideas about one's own and others' feelings,perceptions,and thoughts,along with the behaviors these might predict,are said to constitute

Accepted Answer

The ability to understand and make predictions about one's own and others' mental states, including emotions, perceptions, and thoughts, is known as a theory of mind. It is a crucial component of social cognition and is developed in early childhood. It helps individuals to understand and interpret social situations, to communicate effectively, and to develop relationships with others. Options A, C, and D are not relevant to the concept of theory of mind.

Question 16

Mrs.Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six pieces.Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy.Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of

Accepted Answer

The principle of conservation involves understanding that changing the appearance of an object, such as cutting it into pieces, does not change the amount of the object. Sylvia's reaction suggests that she does not yet grasp this principle.

Question 17

The egocentrism of preschoolers was most strongly emphasized by

Accepted Answer

Piaget's cognitive development theory emphasizes that during the preoperational stage, preschoolers have an egocentric perspective and struggle to understand the perspectives of others. Piaget's theory highlights the importance of cognitive development in understanding a child's self-centered behaviors during this stage.

Question 18

Using a large box to symbolize a boat and brooms to symbolize fishing poles,Jerry and Tommy imagined themselves catching fish out of a lake.The children are most clearly demonstrating

Accepted Answer

The children are engaged in pretend play, using their imaginations to create a scenario where they are fishing from a boat using brooms as fishing poles.

Question 19

Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen has proposed that autism spectrum disorder is characterized by an inborn

Accepted Answer

Simon Baron-Cohen's theory suggests that autism spectrum disorder is characterized by an inborn tendency towards systemizing, which is typically found more often in males. This systemizing tendency refers to the desire to analyze, understand, and construct systems or structures in the world around them, rather than focusing on social interactions and relationships.

Question 20

Five-year-olds who were surprised to discover that a Band-Aid box contained pencils were able to anticipate their friend's false belief about the contents of the box.This best illustrates that the children had developed a

Accepted Answer

Theory of mind refers to the ability to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that may differ from our own. The ability to anticipate someone else's false belief demonstrates a development of this understanding. The other options (secure attachment, conventional morality, and concept of conservation) do not directly relate to this cognitive ability.

Quiz 3: Developing Through the Life Span