Question 1

Which of the following is cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is cited in...

Question 2

___________________ are mixed-motive situations in which both players can win (with cooperation)and both can lose (with competition).

Accepted Answer

Non-zero-sum games are situations where the gains and losses of participants are not necessarily equal, allowing for the possibility of mutual benefit through cooperation or mutual loss through competition.

Question 3

Which of the following is cited in the text as an example of changing payoffs to resolve social dilemmas?

Accepted Answer

Allowing carpoolers to drive in the faster, freeway lane is an example of changing payoffs to resolve social dilemmas. By providing a benefit (i.e., faster travel time) to those who choose to carpool, it encourages individuals to make a choice that benefits the group as a whole by reducing traffic congestion and carbon emissions. Option B is not a good choice, as parking farther away from the office building could actually discourage carpooling. Options C and D are not relevant to changing payoffs to resolve social dilemmas.

Question 4

John and Jane are friends who graduated from the same program at the same time.Two years later,both are working in their fields,but John is making much more money than Jane.Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

The question does not provide enough information to determine why John is making more money than Jane. Therefore, it is unreasonable to assume that Jane will quit her job or ask for a raise. The social exchange theory and redundancy hypothesis do not apply to this scenario. However, research has shown that people who earn more than their peers tend to attribute their success to their own abilities and traits, rather than considering external factors like luck or privilege. This is known as the self-serving bias, and therefore it is likely that John will convince himself that he deserves his higher pay.

Question 5

In research by Dawes on social dilemmas,it was found that

Accepted Answer

Dawes' research found that appeals to ethics, group benefits, and information on exploitation increased the rate at which people were willing to forgo immediate personal gain for the common good. This suggests that emphasizing the moral and social benefits of cooperation can encourage individuals to prioritize the common good over their own self-interest.

Question 6

"From each according to his abilities,to each according to his needs" is a motto that would most likely be found in

Accepted Answer

"From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs" is a principle of communism, which is a non-capitalist ideology. It emphasizes the idea of collective ownership and distribution of resources based on the needs of each member of society, rather than on individual abilities or labor. Therefore, the most likely context in which this motto would be found is in a non-capitalist culture.

Question 7

Equity exists when

Accepted Answer

Equity refers to distributing rewards in proportion to individuals' contributions, which means that those who contribute more (in terms of effort, skills, or resources) should receive a greater share of the rewards. This helps to ensure fairness and reduce resentment among group members. Option B implies equal sharing regardless of contributions, option C suggests a subjective judgement of deservingness or need, and option D implies a lack of clear criteria or accountability for reward distribution.

Question 8

Groups in intractable conflict almost always experience all of the following except

Accepted Answer

Believing the out-group to be victimized is an unlikely characteristic of a group in intractable conflict. Instead, these groups often dehumanize and blame the out-group for the conflict, seeing them as the aggressors rather than the victims.

Question 9

Before they married,Melinda and Michael,who are both employed full time and collect the same pay,agreed to share equally in routine household tasks such as cleaning and grocery shopping.In reality,Melinda is now doing about 80 percent of the household work.This situation is an example of

Accepted Answer

An inequitable relationship occurs when one partner takes on a disproportionate amount of household work, as is the case with Melinda and Michael. This can cause resentment and dissatisfaction in the relationship, and it is important for the couple to renegotiate their agreement to ensure that both partners are contributing equally.

Question 10

In real-life situations,many people approach commons dilemmas with a(n)______ outlook.

Accepted Answer

In real-life situations, a cooperative outlook is typically the most effective approach to common dilemmas. Cooperation involves working together towards a common goal or solution, which can often lead to better outcomes for all parties involved. This is in contrast to a competitive outlook, which involves striving to come out on top or win at all costs, potentially causing harm to others. An uncooperative or indifferent outlook may lead to missed opportunities for positive outcomes or exacerbation of conflicts.

Question 11

What do self-serving bias,group polarization,and negative stereotypes have in common?

Accepted Answer

Self-serving bias, group polarization, and negative stereotypes are all psychological phenomena that can lead to misperceptions and biases in our thinking. Self-serving bias can lead us to perceive information in a way that benefits ourselves, while group polarization can lead to the reinforcement of extreme attitudes within a group. Negative stereotypes can also lead to harmful biases in our perceptions of others. All three of these phenomena illustrate the potential for misperception and bias in our thinking.

Question 12

What does your text refer to as the "golden rule" of social justice?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What does your text refer to as...

Question 13

The misperceptions of those who are in conflict with each other,such as two nations who regard each other with suspicion and hostility,are usually

Accepted Answer

Misperceptions in conflict situations are usually mutual, meaning that both parties have a distorted view of each other, leading to suspicion and hostility. This can be due to biased media coverage, stereotypes, or lack of communication and understanding between the parties. Nonreciprocal and unilateral misperceptions refer to situations where only one party has a distorted view of the other, which is less common in conflicts. Inequitable misperceptions are not a common term used to describe conflicts.

Question 14

Liberman et al.(2004)had participants play a variation of the Prisoner's Dilemma game.When the simulation was labelled ________________,two-thirds of the participants cooperated.

Accepted Answer

The study conducted by Liberman et al. (2004) showed that when the simulation was labelled as a "Community Game", two-thirds of the participants cooperated. This suggests that framing the game as a cooperation-enhancing activity can lead to more prosocial behavior. Therefore, option A is the correct choice. Option B, "Wall Street Game," is unlikely to encourage cooperative behavior as it may be associated with competition and individual gain. Option C, "War Games," is also not likely to encourage cooperation as it may be associated with conflict and aggression. Option D, "The Prisoner's Dilemma," is the name of the actual game being played, and therefore doesn't specify any particular framing or labeling that would influence behavior.

Question 15

Compared to North Americans,people socialized in China and India are more likely to favour ____________ as the basis for justice when rewards are distributed to those within their groups.

Accepted Answer

In collectivistic cultures like China and India, there is a strong emphasis on group harmony and cooperation. Therefore, members within the group are expected to be treated equally when rewards are distributed, rather than based on individual merit or contribution (equity) or solely at the discretion of the group leader.

Question 16

Bailey's sports team has had a long-standing feud with another team over the rights to their favourite baseball field.Which of the following would not be a recommendation to resolve this social dilemma?

Accepted Answer

Generating large group discussions may actually exacerbate the conflict by increasing the number of voices and differing opinions. It may be more effective to create specific regulations for the fair use of the field and to promote open communication, while appealing to the altruistic norms of both teams to resolve the conflict in a collaborative and respectful manner.

Question 17

Individualistic cultures are to __________ as collectivistic cultures are to __________.

Accepted Answer

Individualistic cultures prioritize equity, or equal opportunity, while collectivistic cultures prioritize equality, or equal outcome, for the collective group.

Question 18

According to research,it seems that just knowing about the dire consequences of noncooperation in a social dilemma

Accepted Answer

Knowing about the dire consequences of noncooperation in a social dilemma has little real effect on people's behaviour. This is because people often act in their own self-interest and prioritize immediate gains over long-term consequences. As a result, individuals may still choose to behave non-cooperatively even if they are aware of the negative outcomes for the group as a whole.

Question 19

Which of the following is not cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?

Accepted Answer

The text mentions regulation, changing payoffs, and communication as possible ways to resolve social dilemmas, but GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction) is not mentioned. GRIT is a strategy for reducing conflict and increasing cooperation between parties in a conflict, but it is not specifically mentioned as a method for resolving social dilemmas in this text.

Question 20

Equity is to _________________ as equality is to __________________.

Accepted Answer

Equity refers to proportionate distribution, while equality refers to equal distribution. Therefore, the best answer is B.

Quiz 13: Social Psychology in Conflict and Peacemaking