Question 1

You attend a party where you do not know anyone but expect others to be friendly toward you.You greet people warmly.Your actions,in turn,lead other people to behave in a friendly manner with you.This situation can best be described as:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of behavioral confirmation, where one's behavior leads others to confirm or reinforce their initial expectations or assumptions about that person. In this case, the individual's warm greeting and friendly demeanor likely led others to perceive them as approachable and friendly, thus reinforcing and confirming their initial assumption that the individual was friendly.

Question 2

Murray and his colleagues (2003)found that,among married couples,the self-fulfilling prophecy occurred when one person interpreted slight hurts as rejections.The person who felt rejected was then motivated to:

Accepted Answer

According to the passage, the self-fulfilling prophecy occurred when one person interpreted slight hurts as rejections. The person who felt rejected then devalued their partner and became distant from them. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 3

Filip is overweight and is often made fun of by people at work.They assume that he is obese because he is lazy and a binge eater and avoids exercising.They are unaware of the fact that Filip suffers from a medical condition that has slowed down his metabolism and exhausts him easily.In the context of social thinking,this scenario illustrates:

Accepted Answer

The scenario illustrates the fundamental attribution error, which refers to the tendency to attribute someone's behavior to their personality traits or character rather than external factors. In this case, Filip's coworkers are attributing his weight to laziness and overeating rather than considering the possibility of a medical condition.

Question 4

Unlike her friends,Olivia,a 25-year-old,refrains from spending lavishly on clothes and luxury items.Her friends label her a miser for being thrifty.In reality,she is saving money to buy her own car.In this scenario,Juan's friends are most likely _____.

Accepted Answer

Juan's friends are committing the fundamental attribution error by labeling Olivia as a miser without considering her personal circumstances and reasons for saving money. They are making a generalization about her behavior based on her character rather than considering situational factors.

Question 5

According to a study by Ridge and Reber (2002),if you are told that someone you have never met is attracted to you,you will likely:

Accepted Answer

The study found that when individuals were told that someone they had never met was attracted to them, they tended to behave in ways that encouraged the other person's flirtatious behavior. This suggests that individuals may feel more confident and attractive when they are aware of others being interested in them, leading them to reciprocate those feelings.

Question 6

According to Gilbert and Malone (1995)and Heider (1958),which of the following psychological theories analyzes how one explains people's behavior and what one infers from it?

Accepted Answer

Attribution theory analyzes how individuals explain and make inferences about people's behavior based on two types of attributions: internal (dispositional) or external (situational). Gilbert and Malone (1995) and Heider (1958) are well known for their contributions to this theory. Drive theory, self-verification theory, and social exchange theory focus on different aspects of motivation and social behavior.

Question 7

Richard Miller and colleagues (1975)investigated the reduction of littering in three classrooms.Which class still showed a reduction in littering 2 weeks after the study ended?

Accepted Answer

The class that was repeatedly congratulated for being neat and tidy showed a reduction in littering two weeks after the study ended. This suggests that positive reinforcement may be more effective in changing behavior than negative reinforcement or ignoring the behavior altogether.

Question 8

Researchers had male students talk on the telephone with women they thought were either attractive or unattractive.When the researchers later analyzed the women's comments,they found that the:

Accepted Answer

According to the study, the women who were thought to be attractive spoke more warmly than the other women, indicating a positive correlation between physical attractiveness and warmth of speech.

Question 9

In a study conducted by Ridge and Reber (2002),men had to interview women for a teaching assistant position.The men were told that job candidates were either attracted to them or not attracted.The findings revealed that the:

Accepted Answer

The study found that when men believed female applicants were attracted to them, those applicants exhibited more flirtatious behavior, suggesting that the men's perceptions influenced the women's behavior.

Question 10

Those who make dispositional attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that:

Accepted Answer

Dispositional attributions for poverty and unemployment involve attributing these conditions to individual characteristics or choices, rather than societal or environmental factors. Therefore, individuals who make dispositional attributions are more likely to adopt political positions that are unsympathetic to the poor, as they may view poverty and unemployment as the result of personal failings.

Question 11

According to research done by Miller and his colleagues (1975),if you want young children to put trash in wastebaskets,you should repeatedly:

Accepted Answer

According to Miller and his colleagues (1975), positive reinforcement such as congratulating children for being neat and tidy is more effective in encouraging children to put trash in wastebaskets than punishment or negative reinforcement. Therefore, choice B is the best option.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about overconfidence is true?

Accepted Answer

Research shows that people tend to be more confident than correct. This is because humans have a natural tendency to overestimate their abilities and ignore potential limitations or obstacles. This can lead to errors in judgment and decision-making.

Question 13

In the context of social thinking,which of the following exemplifies the fundamental attribution error?

Accepted Answer

The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to attribute someone's behavior to their internal characteristics rather than considering the situational factors that may have led to the behavior. In this case, Arianna is assuming that her colleague's behavior is due to his rude nature rather than considering the possibility that he had a bad day.

Question 14

When our expectations lead us to act in ways that induce others to confirm their expectations,_____ is at work.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral confirmation occurs when our expectations lead us to act in ways that induce others to confirm their expectations. This is also known as the self-fulfilling prophecy, where our beliefs about a person or situation can influence our behavior and ultimately shape our experiences. The other choices (A, B, D) do not accurately describe this phenomenon.

Question 15

In _____ cultures,people less often perceive others in terms of personal dispositions than other cultures.

Accepted Answer

Collectivistic cultures prioritize the group or community, and tend to view individuals through the lens of their social roles and relationships within the group. In contrast, individualistic cultures prioritize the autonomy and uniqueness of the individual, and tend to focus on personal traits and characteristics. Therefore, in collectivistic cultures, personal dispositions may be seen as less relevant or important compared to one's social identity and relationships.

Question 16

Identify a reason for the fundamental attribution error.

Accepted Answer

The fundamental attribution error occurs because people tend to attribute others' actions to their character or personality (internal factors) rather than considering the situation (external factors) that might influence those actions. This means individuals often find causes (such as personality traits) for behavior in the places they are looking for them, ignoring the situational context.

Question 17

Those who make situational attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that:

Accepted Answer

Those who make situational attributions regarding poverty and unemployment understand that external factors play a significant role in causing poverty, and therefore tend to offer direct support to the poor, such as increased welfare programs or job training opportunities.

Question 18

According to Jellison and Green (1981),an individualistic Western worldview predisposes people to _____.

Accepted Answer

According to Jellison and Green (1981), an individualistic Western worldview assumes that individuals cause events.

Question 19

You believe that you will perform poorly in exams even if you study well.As a consequence of this belief,you get low grades.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy, where a belief about oneself leads to behaviors or actions that fulfill that belief, ultimately resulting in the expected outcome becoming true. In this case, the belief that one will perform poorly on exams leads to a lack of motivation or effort, which results in low grades.

Question 20

A belief that leads to its own accomplishment is called:

Accepted Answer

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a belief that, when held with enough conviction, can actually lead to its own realization. This can occur because people may unconsciously alter their behavior and actions to align with their beliefs. For example, if someone believes they are not good at public speaking, this belief may lead to nervousness and poor performance in public speaking situations, thus reinforcing their belief.

Quiz 3: Social Beliefs and Judgments

You attend a party where you do not know anyone but expect others to be friendly toward you.You greet people warmly.Your actions,in turn,lead other people to behave in a friendly manner with you.This situation can best be described as:

Murray and his colleagues (2003) found that,among married couples,the self-fulfilling prophecy occurred when one person interpreted slight hurts as rejections.The person who felt rejected was then motivated to:

Unlike her friends,Olivia,a 25-year-old,refrains from spending lavishly on clothes and luxury items.Her friends label her a miser for being thrifty.In reality,she is saving money to buy her own car.In this scenario,Juan's friends are most likely _____.

According to a study by Ridge and Reber (2002) ,if you are told that someone you have never met is attracted to you,you will likely:

According to Gilbert and Malone (1995) and Heider (1958) ,which of the following psychological theories analyzes how one explains people's behavior and what one infers from it?

Richard Miller and colleagues (1975) investigated the reduction of littering in three classrooms.Which class still showed a reduction in littering 2 weeks after the study ended?