Question 1

Francis experienced early success as a musician.He was well liked when he performed in local clubs and bars,and a representative from a record company expressed interest in signing him to a label.However,before he achieved national recognition,his partner died,which caused Francis to fall into a deep depression,and he gave up his dream of being a musician.Now Francis spends his time alone and working in a local coffee shop.Francis's story is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Francis's story is an example of a contamination story as his partner's death contaminated his success and led to his depression and giving up his passion for music.

Question 2

Using the least possible amount of external justification required to prevent undesirable behavior is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Minimal deterrence is the use of the minimum amount of external justification necessary to prevent undesired behavior. This approach is often used in situations where there is a risk of undesirable behavior but using too much external justification could lead to resistance or backlash.

Question 3

Aronson and Mills (1959)conducted a classic study in which female college students were recruited for a discussion group.In one condition participants were put through a difficult initiation into the group.In a second condition participants were put through a mild initiation into the group.Finally,in the control condition they were simply admitted to the group.The discussion that they actually listened to was quite boring.Which group stated they liked to group and were committed to the group?

Accepted Answer

Aronson and Mills found that participants who went through a difficult initiation into the group rated the group as more enjoyable and were more committed to the group than those in the mild initiation or control group. This is known as the "effort justification" effect, where individuals value something more when they have put in more effort to attain it. Therefore, those in the difficult initiation group may have felt a stronger sense of commitment and attachment to the group because they had to work harder to be a part of it.

Question 4

The desire for others to perceive us in the same way that we see ourselves is called:

Accepted Answer

Self-verification refers to the desire to have others perceive us in the same way that we see ourselves. This can involve seeking out feedback that confirms our pre-existing self-concept and trying to control the impression that others have of us to match this self-concept.

Question 5

According to research on self-verification,people who have positive views of themselves seek out others who _____,and people who have negative views of themselves seek out others who _____.

Accepted Answer

Self-verification theory states that people seek out confirmation of their pre-existing self-conceptions. Therefore, those with positive views of themselves seek out others who have positive views of them in order to confirm and validate their self-conception. Conversely, those with negative views of themselves seek out others who have negative views of them, as this confirms their negative self-conception.

Question 6

The experimental paradigm that has been used to demonstrate that cognitive dissonance processes are driven by a negative,affective state of tension is:

Accepted Answer

The misattribution of arousal paradigm involves inducing a state of physiological arousal (such as through exercise) and then placing participants in a situation that creates cognitive dissonance. It has been demonstrated that participants in this paradigm experience greater dissonance and attitude change when they are in a state of arousal, suggesting that the negative affective state of tension facilitates cognitive dissonance processes.

Question 7

Self-concept clarity refers to _____,while self-complexity refers to _____.

Accepted Answer

Self-concept clarity is about having a clearly defined and consistent self-concept, whereas self-complexity involves having multiple, distinct aspects of the self-concept.

Question 8

A coherent life story connecting one's past,present,and possible future is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A coherent life story connecting one's past, present, and possible future is referred to as a self-narrative. It includes the events, experiences, and changes that make up an individual's life, and helps to provide meaning and direction to their actions and choices. A self-narrative can also be used as a tool for self-reflection and personal growth.

Question 9

A life story in which a set of obstacles are overcome and ultimately lead to positive experiences is referred to as a _____,while a life story in which a state of good fortune is transformed into a state of failure or tragedy is referred to as a _____.

Accepted Answer

A life story in which a set of obstacles are overcome and ultimately lead to positive experiences is referred to as a redemption story, while a life story in which a state of good fortune is transformed into a state of failure or tragedy is referred to as a contamination story. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

Question 10

In Aronson and Carlsmith's (1963)study conducted with preschoolers,under what experimental condition were children the most likely to change their attitudes toward an initially desirable toy at the end of the study?

Accepted Answer

In Aronson and Carlsmith's study, children who were told that the experimenter would be mildly annoyed if they played with the toy (mild punishment) were most likely to devalue the toy, demonstrating cognitive dissonance. This condition created enough of a deterrent to prevent them from playing with the toy without providing a strong external justification for their compliance, leading them to change their attitudes to align with their actions.

Question 11

People high in self-concept clarity are _____ others' feedback,while those low in self-concept clarity are _____ others' feedback.

Accepted Answer

People high in self-concept clarity have a clear and stable understanding of their personalities, values, and goals, which makes them less sensitive to others' feedback because they have a well-defined sense of self. On the other hand, people low in self-concept clarity have a more ambiguous view of themselves, which makes them more sensitive to others' feedback as they rely on others to provide feedback to understand who they are.

Question 12

In social psychological research,self-verification refers primarily to:

Accepted Answer

Self-verification refers to the desire to seek out and interact with individuals who will confirm and support one's self-concept. This can include seeking out feedback that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs about themselves.

Question 13

When people reduce dissonance by convincing themselves that what they suffered for is actually quite valuable,this phenomenon is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is called effort justification, where individuals justify their hard work or suffering by believing that the outcome or result they obtained is valuable.

Question 14

A clearly defined,internally consistent,and temporally stable sense of self is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A clearly defined, internally consistent, and temporally stable sense of self is referred to as self-concept clarity. Self-verification refers to the tendency to seek out and maintain relationships that support our existing self-concept, self-esteem is an evaluation of one's own worth or value, and self-schema refers to the cognitive structures that organize our knowledge about ourselves. Only option C describes a defined, consistent, and stable sense of self.

Question 15

All of the following are true about individuals with high self-concept clarity EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Individuals with high self-concept clarity are actually less sensitive to feedback because they have a clear and stable understanding of their self-concept. Feedback that is consistent with their self-concept is easily assimilated, while feedback that is incongruent may be dismissed as irrelevant.

Question 16

N'Faly and Iarla are both undergoing therapy to cure their agoraphobia.N'Faly's therapist is using a traditional exposure method,through which N'Faly will gradually get farther and farther from his house.Iarla is being treated using a controversial new method,which requires him to stand outside his house and scream for minutes on end.What does research suggest will be the outcome of these therapies?

Accepted Answer

The answer of N'Faly and Iarla are both undergoing therapy...

Question 17

A professor says to her class "If you have to work hard for your grade,then you will appreciate it more!" This BEST illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Effort justification refers to the tendency for individuals to value something more if they have put effort or invested time into it. In this case, the professor is suggesting that if students have to work hard for their grade, they will appreciate it more. This aligns with effort justification because the effort put into achieving a good grade will make the students value it more.

Question 18

Hira is seeing a therapist.According to research,the best outcome is MOST likely if:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the most effective therapy outcomes occur when the individual seeks therapy themselves and is motivated to work on their issues. Involuntary or pressured therapy may not be as effective as therapy that is voluntarily sought out. Therefore, option C is the best choice as Hira voluntarily chose to seek therapy herself.

Question 19

What is the implication for parenting based on research on the minimal deterrence phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Research on the minimal deterrence phenomenon suggests that providing minimal deterrents, such as a gentle reminder or a simple rule, is more effective in shaping children's behavior than providing more strict and controlling rules. This approach encourages children to internalize the idea of not engaging in undesired behavior, rather than simply avoiding it due to external consequences. Therefore, the implication for parenting would be to focus on providing minimal deterrence and encouraging internalization of desired behaviors.

Question 20

Arvind is depressed and does not really like himself.At his new school,there are two people who seem interested in being friends with him.Amanda seems to enjoy his company and gives him compliments.Lucas seems to enjoy hanging out with Arvind but also is critical of him.Research suggests that Arvind will:

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that individuals with low self-esteem or who are depressed may gravitate towards relationships that confirm their negative self-view. Therefore, Arvind might prefer associating with Lucas, who is critical of him, as it aligns with his own self-perception.

Quiz 6: The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth

Using the least possible amount of external justification required to prevent undesirable behavior is referred to as:

The desire for others to perceive us in the same way that we see ourselves is called:

According to research on self-verification,people who have positive views of themselves seek out others who _,and people who have negative views of themselves seek out others who _.

The experimental paradigm that has been used to demonstrate that cognitive dissonance processes are driven by a negative,affective state of tension is:

Self-concept clarity refers to _,while self-complexity refers to _.