Question 1

In one research study, participants were either (a) subjected to frustration or (b) not subjected to frustration. They then had the opportunity to deliver shocks to the person who had frustrated them or to an innocent stranger. In which situation were the most shocks delivered?

Accepted Answer

The most shocks were delivered when a frustrated participant was able to deliver shocks to the person who had frustrated them. This suggests that frustration can lead to aggression directed towards the source of the frustration.

Question 2

Researchers find that acting aggressively often increases the likelihood of acting aggressively in the future. Researchers have used all of the following concepts except___________ to explain this finding.

Accepted Answer

The other concepts (disinhibition, cues for aggression, memories) all suggest that external factors may trigger aggression, while catharsis suggests that aggressive behavior can release pent-up anger and reduce the likelihood of future aggression. However, research has shown that catharsis does not actually work and can actually increase aggressive behavior in the future.

Question 3

Participants in one experiment were either frustrated or not frustrated. They then were given what they thought was an opportunity to administer electric shocks to either the person who had frustrated them or a stranger. This experiment was designed to test which part of the frustration aggression hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The experiment was designed to test the displacement aspect of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which suggests that if individuals cannot direct their aggression towards the source of frustration, they may displace it onto an unrelated target, such as a stranger in this context.

Question 4

To explain why aggression sometimes decreases, many researchers have adopted the Freudian concept of

Accepted Answer

The concept of catharsis suggests that releasing one's aggressive impulses through certain activities, such as sports or art, can decrease overall levels of aggression. Therefore, the decrease in aggression can be explained by the process of catharsis. Option A (the Oedipus complex), B (repression), and C (the superego) are not directly related to the decrease in aggression.

Question 5

According to the original frustration aggression hypothesis, what is needed to reduce the likelihood of aggression in a frustrated person?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the original frustration aggression hypothesis,...

Question 6

Frustrated research participants are sometimes given an opportunity to administer an electric shock to another person. Experimenters conducting this research generally find that

Accepted Answer

The answer of Frustrated research participants are sometimes given an...

Question 7

The psychologists who developed the frustration aggression hypothesis used or adapted all of the following concepts from Freudian theory except one. Which one?

Accepted Answer

The psychologists who developed the frustration aggression hypothesis used or adapted the concepts of displacement, sublimation, and catharsis from Freudian theory. However, reinforcement theory was not part of Freudian theory and was not used or adapted for the frustration aggression hypothesis.

Question 8

Which of the following appears to happen when a frustrated person is allowed to act aggressively?

Accepted Answer

Allowing a frustrated person to act aggressively provides a temporary release of tension, which reinforces the aggressive behavior. This can lead to an increase in future aggression as the individual has learned that aggression is an effective way to release frustration.

Question 9

According to object relations theory, a child's relationship with his or her parents

Accepted Answer

Object relations theory emphasizes the importance of early experiences and relationships, particularly with parents or primary caregivers, in shaping an individual's development and later relationships. The child's relationship with parents in early childhood forms the basis for their internalized representations (or objects) of relationships, which can influence how they think about and relate to others in the future.

Question 10

Participants in one study were either frustrated or not frustrated. They then were given what they thought was an opportunity to administer electric shocks to another person. Sometimes this other person was the one who had frustrated them, and sometimes it was a stranger. The researchers found that

Accepted Answer

The study found that frustration increased aggression against both the person who had frustrated the participants and the stranger, indicating that frustration may lead to a general increase in aggression rather than only directed towards the source of frustration.

Question 11

Which of the following concepts did some of the developers of the original frustration aggression hypothesis use to explain why frustrated people sometimes fail to show signs of aggression?

Accepted Answer

Some of the developers of the original frustration aggression hypothesis used the concepts of displacement and sublimation to explain why frustrated people sometimes fail to show signs of aggression. Displacement refers to redirecting aggressive impulses onto a target other than the original source of frustration, while sublimation refers to channeling those impulses into more socially acceptable activities.

Question 12

According to research on attachment theory, a mother who is attentive and responsive to her infant is most likely to develop a___________ relationship with the child.

Accepted Answer

According to attachment theory, a secure attachment is formed when a caregiver (such as a mother) is consistently responsive and attentive to the needs of the infant. This leads to the development of trust and a sense of security in the infant, which sets the foundation for healthy relationships in the future. Anxious-ambivalent attachment is typically the result of inconsistency in the caregiver's responsiveness, while avoidant attachment may result from a caregiver who is consistently unresponsive. Dependent attachment is not a recognized category in attachment theory.

Question 13

In contrast to Freud's theory, object relations theorists

Accepted Answer

Object relations theorists are interested in an infant's relationship with his or her parents, as they believe that a child's early experiences with caregivers shape their internal representations of Objects which then continue to influence their relationships throughout their life. This is in contrast to Freud's theory, which focuses more heavily on internal drives and conflicts.

Question 14

Research on frustration and aggression generally has found that

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that frustration can sometimes lead to aggression, but it is not always the case. The likelihood of aggression depends on various factors, such as the individual's personality traits, cultural background, and the intensity and duration of the frustration. Aggression can also be expressed in indirect or displaced forms, rather than being directed towards the source of frustration.

Question 15

Which of the following is predicted from the original frustration aggression hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The original frustration-aggression hypothesis posits that aggression is always a consequence of frustration.

Question 16

According to research on the frustration aggression hypothesis, we would expect a frustrated man who is allowed to act aggressively to experience

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to research on the frustration aggression...

Question 17

The concept known as "triggered displaced aggression" refers to displacement that is

Accepted Answer

Triggered displaced aggression involves an overreaction to a situation that triggers a person's frustration or anger, leading them to displace their aggression onto a target that was not initially the source of the frustration.

Question 18

In which scenario is a person demonstrating sublimation as a defensive response to frustration?

Accepted Answer

Sublimation is when a person channels their negative emotions into a socially acceptable or productive outlet, in order to cope with frustration or conflict. In this scenario, Geno is using exercise as a way to release his negative emotions and manage his frustration in a healthy way, making it an example of sublimation. Choices A, B, and D all involve someone expressing their negative emotions in a way that is not productive or socially acceptable.

Question 19

Researchers in one study compared the responses of people when someone cut in front of them in line. The researchers expected more aggressive reactions when the people were near the front of the line than near the back of the line. The researchers were testing the effects of ___________on aggression.

Accepted Answer

The researchers were testing the effects of frustration on aggression. Cutting in line can be seen as unfair and can lead to frustration, which can then lead to aggressive reactions.

Question 20

Researchers have identified attachment styles that affect how people relate to romantic partners. According to attachment theory, these adult styles are primarily determined by

Accepted Answer

Attachment theory proposes that adult attachment styles are primarily determined by the quality of relationships with parents or caregivers during the first years of life. These early experiences shape one's internal working models of self and others, leading to different attachment styles in adulthood. Self-esteem and inherited temperament may influence attachment styles to some extent, but they are not the primary factors implicated by the theory. Adolescent relationships are considered a more downstream consequence of attachment styles rather than a determinant of them.

Quiz 6: The Neo-Freudian Theories: Relevant Research