Question 1

Which one of the following most accurately describes the difference between skilled readers and beginning readers in terms of their attention to what they read?
A) Skilled readers probably attend to all of the words in a sentence, whereas beginning readers overlook many of the words.
B) Skilled readers probably attend equally to all letters in a word, whereas beginning readers often overlook the first letters of a word.
C) Skilled readers probably attend equally to all letters in a word, whereas beginning readers often overlook the last letters of a word.
D) Skilled readers probably attend to fewer letters and words than beginning readers.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which one of the following most accurately...

Question 2

Maria is listening to her teacher talk about how rainy weather develops. Maria thinks, "Rain … hmm, it's supposed to rain tomorrow … I wonder where I left my umbrella … I think I took it to the library yesterday … I'll bet that's where I left my notebook, too." Maria's thoughts illustrate:
A) construction in storage
B) construction in retrieval
C) retrieval cues
D) spreading activation

Accepted Answer

Maria's thoughts demonstrate spreading activation, a process in memory where thinking about one concept triggers related thoughts or memories, like the chain reaction from thinking about rain to remembering her umbrella and notebook.

Question 3

Occasionally people have false memories, "recalling" events that never actually happened. Three of the following false memories are consistent with research findings regarding when false memories are likely to form. Which one is inconsistent with research findings?
A) After seeing a photo of a girl who looks like her riding an elephant, 10-year-old Sally says, "Oh, yes, I remember that elephant ride."
B) Eighteen-year-old Mark recalls attending a Jewish Bar Mitzvah when he was 13, even though he isn't Jewish and doesn't have any friends who are Jewish.
C) Four-year-old Carmen is asked to imagine herself going to Disney World and meeting Snow White. Several months later she claims she actually did meet Snow White.
D) As a requirement for his psychology class, 20-year-old Damion participates in a research study in which he's asked to read a group of 10 interrelated words e.g., bed, pillow, dream. Afterward he claims that one of the words was sleep, even though it wasn't included in the list.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Occasionally people have false memories, "recalling" events...

Question 4

Randall is trying to remember how to spell the word separate. He retrieves the first three letters S E P) and the last four R A T E) and assumes that the fourth letter must be E because he usually pronounces the word like this: "SEP-ER-ATE." Randall's process of remembering how to spell the word in this case, incorrectly) illustrates the use of:
A) a script
B) a retrieval cue
C) construction in retrieval
D) encoding cue

Accepted Answer

Randall uses a retrieval cue to remember the spelling of the word "separate." A retrieval cue is a stimulus that helps us to access information from memory. In this case, the first three letters of the word (SEP) and the last four letters (RATE) serve as retrieval cues that help Randall to remember the correct spelling of the word.

Question 5

Successful retrieval of information from long-term memory depends on three of the following factors. On which one does retrieval not depend?
A) The part of long-term memory being searched
B) How the information was stored in the first place
C) The duration of working memory
D) Relevant retrieval cues

Accepted Answer

The answer of Successful retrieval of information from long-term memory...

Question 6

Lucy sees a boy who looks very familiar to her, but she can't remember who he is. Then the boy says something with a thick French accent, and Lucy suddenly realizes that he is the foreign exchange student from France. In this situation, the boy's French accent helps Lucy remember by:
A) Restricting the spread of activation
B) Providing a retrieval cue
C) Helping her elaborate on stored information
D) Facilitating a reorganization of her long-term memory

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lucy sees a boy who looks very...

Question 7

A student reads the statement, "To be or not to be, that is the quastion," and fails to notice the typographical error in the word question. This proofreading error can best be explained by considering the role of _________ in long-term memory storage.
A) closure
B) similarity
C) expectations
D) rehearsal

Accepted Answer

The answer of A student reads the statement, "To be...

Question 8

An advantage of knowing some skills to a level of automaticity is that automaticity:
A) Lessens the working memory load for a task involving those skills
B) Facilitates the development of schemas and scripts for those skills
C) Facilitates the meaningful learning of those skills
D) Facilitates the internal organization of those skills

Accepted Answer

Automaticity lessens the working memory load for tasks involving those skills, which means that less cognitive effort is required to perform the task, leaving more room for other cognitive processes such as decision-making and problem-solving.

Question 9

Which one of the following students is definitely demonstrating automaticity in word recognition?
A) When Samantha reads aloud, her voice lacks expression.
B) When Roland reads, he has to sound out most of the words.
C) When Kristen reads, she recognizes words by sight and recalls their meanings instantaneously.
D) When Werner listens to someone say a new word, he closes his eyes and tries to imagine how it might be spelled.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which one of the following students is...

Question 10

Albert grew up in Germany but now lives in England. He recalls more about his childhood in Germany when he's speaking in German than when he's speaking in English. Which one of the following concepts best explains this fact?
A) flashbulb memory
B) encoding specificity
C) spreading activation
D) fan effect

Accepted Answer

The answer of Albert grew up in Germany but now...

Question 11

Occasional review of previously learned material helps our memory for that material by:
A) promoting controlled processing
B) limiting the spread of activation
C) increasing associations with other things we know
D) increasing the precision of our visual images

Accepted Answer

The answer of Occasional review of previously learned material helps...

Question 12

A physics teacher asks her students to draw a picture to illustrate the forces at work when someone throws a ball into the air. This strategy should do two things to help students remember the forces involved. In particular, it should encourage students to engage in both:
A) implicit and explicit understanding
B) rote learning and automaticity
C) enactment and visual imagery
D) verbalization and facilitative expectations

Accepted Answer

Drawing a picture requires enactment and visual imagery, two strategies that can help students remember the forces involved in throwing a ball into the air. It also encourages students to engage in both implicit and explicit understanding, as they are able to visualize the forces at work in a concrete way. Rote learning and automaticity may not be as effective in helping students truly understand the physics behind the motion of a ball in the air. Verbalization and facilitative expectations may be useful in other contexts, but are not as directly related to the task of drawing a picture to illustrate the forces at work in throwing a ball.

Question 13

Morris is taking an introductory Russian course. In the early weeks of the course, he studies new Russian vocabulary words 10 times each, all in the same evening. Later on, he discovers that he can remember Russian words better over the long run if he studies them twice in an evening for five evenings in a row. Morris has discovered:
A) the spacing effect
B) the generation effect
C) the importance of consolidation
D) the advantages of implicit learning

Accepted Answer

Morris has discovered the spacing effect, which suggests that learning is more effective if it is spaced out over time, rather than cramming it all into one session. This is evidenced by his improved ability to remember the Russian words when he studied them twice a day for five days in a row, rather than all in one evening. Options B, C, and D are not applicable in this scenario.

Question 14

William is shopping at a convenience store when a man rushes in, shoots the store clerk in the arm, hurriedly cleans out the cash register, and then speeds away in a pickup truck. Later, a detective asks William to describe the woman who was waiting for the thief in the truck. The fact is, William didn't see a woman in the truck, but after the detective urges him to "think hard and try to remember her," he begins to recall seeing a blonde woman sitting in the passenger side of the truck. This situation illustrates:
A) the misinformation effect
B) a retrieval cue
C) spreading activation
D) encoding specificity

Accepted Answer

The situation illustrated is the misinformation effect, which is when a person's memory is altered by misleading information presented after an event. In this case, the detective's urging for William to "think hard and try to remember her" influenced his recall of seeing a woman in the truck, even though he didn't originally see one.

Question 15

After his class returns from a field trip to the local historical museum, Mr. Cordova asks his students to write an essay describing the things they learned at the museum. Considering factors that influence memory storage, which one of the following effects should writing the essay have on what the students will later remember about the field trip?
A) They will remember the trip better than if they had not written about it.
B) They will tend to confuse aspects of the trip with previous field trips that they've written about in other essays.
C) Although they won't necessarily remember any more about the trip, what they do remember will tend to be remembered more as visual images than it might have been otherwise.
D) Writing about the trip will enhance students' short-term memory of the trip, but it will not necessarily enhance their long-term memory of it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of After his class returns from a field...

Question 16

Which one of the following teachers provides the best example of the halo effect?
A) Mr. Abrams likes Frank better than Mark even though Mark is more polite of the two students.
B) Ms. Bernadette always gives students the benefit of the doubt when they exhibit "borderline" test performance.
C) Mr. Cordell overrates Cathy's gymnastic skills because she is head cheerleader.
D) Ms. DiStefano believes that all students can learn calculus if they study hard enough.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which one of the following teachers provides...

Question 17

Richard is studying both French and Spanish. In the same week he learns that the French word for "mother" is mère and that the Spanish word for "mother" is madre. One day his French teacher asks Richard, "Who is married to your father?" and Richard erroneously answers, "Madre." Richard's memory error can best be explained in terms of:
A) decay
B) interference
C) inhibition
D) failure to consolidate

Accepted Answer

Richard's memory error can be best explained by interference since the similar sounds of the French and Spanish words for "mother" may have caused confusion and interference in his memory retrieval process.

Question 18

Which one of the following is the best example of a flashbulb memory?
A) Remembering exactly what you were doing when you heard very upsetting news
B) Retrieving a detailed visual image of how a parent or sibling looks
C) Recalling a dream and erroneously thinking that it actually happened to you
D) Vividly remembering an event that never happened, not even in your dreams

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which one of the following is the...

Question 19

Which one of the following is the best example of controlled processing?
A) A child sitting in the back seat of a car
B) A teenager learning to drive
C) A bus driver driving slowly down the street
D) An adult driving over the speed limit down the street

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which one of the following is the...

Question 20

When Gianna returns to college after a summer touring France, she tells her roommate about her many experiences. She does not always remember them accurately, however, so she fills in the gaps in her memory with logical details about how things "must" have happened. Several weeks later, she is telling another friend about her trip. Gianna will probably:
A) Remember her experiences more accurately than she had previously
B) Feel very confused about what things actually did and did not happen in France
C) Have different gaps in her memory than she did when talking to her roommate, and so construct very different recollections of her experiences in France
D) Remember her experiences in France as occurring in essentially the way that she previously described them to her roommate

Accepted Answer

The answer of When Gianna returns to college after a...

Quiz 8: The Nature of Knowledge

Which one of the following most accurately describes the difference between skilled readers and beginning readers in terms of their attention to what they read?

Maria is listening to her teacher talk about how rainy weather develops. Maria thinks, "Rain … hmm, it's supposed to rain tomorrow … I wonder where I left my umbrella … I think I took it to the library yesterday … I'll bet that's where I left my notebook, too." Maria's thoughts illustrate:

Occasionally people have false memories, "recalling" events that never actually happened. Three of the following false memories are consistent with research findings regarding when false memories are likely to form. Which one is inconsistent with research findings?

Successful retrieval of information from long-term memory depends on three of the following factors. On which one does retrieval not depend?

Lucy sees a boy who looks very familiar to her, but she can't remember who he is. Then the boy says something with a thick French accent, and Lucy suddenly realizes that he is the foreign exchange student from France. In this situation, the boy's French accent helps Lucy remember by:

A student reads the statement, "To be or not to be, that is the quastion," and fails to notice the typographical error in the word question. This proofreading error can best be explained by considering the role of _________ in long-term memory storage.

An advantage of knowing some skills to a level of automaticity is that automaticity:

Which one of the following students is definitely demonstrating automaticity in word recognition?

Albert grew up in Germany but now lives in England. He recalls more about his childhood in Germany when he's speaking in German than when he's speaking in English. Which one of the following concepts best explains this fact?

Occasional review of previously learned material helps our memory for that material by:

A physics teacher asks her students to draw a picture to illustrate the forces at work when someone throws a ball into the air. This strategy should do two things to help students remember the forces involved. In particular, it should encourage students to engage in both:

Which one of the following teachers provides the best example of the halo effect?

Which one of the following is the best example of a flashbulb memory?

Which one of the following is the best example of controlled processing?