Question 1

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
A)glucocorticoids
B)epinephrine
C)insulin
D)glucagon
E)melatonin

Accepted Answer

Insulin is produced by beta cells in the pancreas and is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake and utilization of glucose by cells throughout the body.

Question 2

A hormone is a regulatory molecule that is secreted into the blood by an endocrine gland.What is wrong with this definition?
A)Endocrine glands are the target of these molecules,not the source.
B)It does not apply to this type of molecule in plants.
C)The molecules do not serve a regulatory role.
D)The definition is completely correct as stated.

Accepted Answer

Hormones in plants, known as phytohormones, do not always follow the same secretion or movement pathways as animal hormones. While animal hormones are typically secreted into the blood, plant hormones may move in various ways within the plant, not necessarily through a vascular system akin to blood circulation.

Question 3

The use of bovine growth hormone (BGH)to increase milk yield in dairy cows is highly controversial.What other hormone is regularly added to milk,yet causes little controversy?
A)vitamin A
B)vitamin D
C)MSG
D)preservatives

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D is regularly added to milk as a supplement, and it does not cause much controversy because it is a natural nutrient that is crucial to bone health.

Question 4

Some intercellular regulatory molecules that exert only very local effects are called ________ regulators.
A)sympathetic
B)exogeneous
C)merocrine
D)endocrine
E)paracrine

Accepted Answer

Paracrine regulators are intercellular regulatory molecules that exert only very local effects, acting on neighboring cells within the same tissue. They are not released into the bloodstream and do not have systemic effects like endocrine regulators.

Question 5

Which hormone helps with adaptation to long term stress?
A)glucocorticoids
B)epinephrine
C)insulin
D)glucagon
E)melatonin

Accepted Answer

Glucocorticoids, released by the adrenal glands, are responsible for helping the body to adapt to long term stress. They increase blood sugar levels, suppress the immune system, and aid in metabolism. Epinephrine may help with short term stress response, but it is not responsible for long term adaptation. Insulin and glucagon are involved in regulating blood sugar levels, but not specifically in response to stress. Melatonin is involved in regulating sleep and circadian rhythms, but not in response to stress.

Question 6

The ________ lobe of the pituitary gland appears fibrous because it contains axons originating from hypothalamic neurons.
A)anterior
B)posterior
C)superior
D)inferior
E)medial

Accepted Answer

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland appears fibrous because it contains axons originating from hypothalamic neurons, while the anterior lobe appears more glandular in appearance. Therefore, the best choice is B) posterior.

Question 7

A couple visits a fertility clinic to determine the basis of their difficulty in conceiving a child.They are surprised to hear they will both be tested for levels of two of the same hormones,which play roles in the ovarian cycle and sperm production.Which hormones are they?
A)adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
B)insulin and glucagon
C)oxytocin and luteinizing hormone (LH)
D)follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Accepted Answer

FSH and LH are both involved in the ovarian cycle and sperm production. FSH stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females and aids in the maturation of sperm cells in males. LH triggers ovulation in females and stimulates the production of testosterone in males. Testing levels of FSH and LH can provide insight into potential fertility issues.

Question 8

The islets of Langerhans located in the ________ secrete both insulin and glucagon.
A)liver
B)pituitary
C)thalamus
D)kidney
E)pancreas

Accepted Answer

The islets of Langerhans secrete both insulin and glucagon and are located in the pancreas. None of the other organs listed secrete both insulin and glucagon.

Question 9

Ecdysone and juvenile hormone regulate molting and ________ in insects.
A)metamorphosis
B)sexual behavior
C)body shape
D)egg production

Accepted Answer

Ecdysone and juvenile hormone are involved in regulating molting and metamorphosis in insects, which involves the transformation from one life stage to another, such as from a larva to a pupa or from a pupa to an adult. They do not directly regulate sexual behavior, body shape, or egg production.

Question 10

What is a primary function of growth hormone?
A)initiates stress response
B)raises blood glucose level
C)lowers blood glucose level
D)stimulates bone growth
E)inhibits loss of calcium from bone

Accepted Answer

The primary function of growth hormone is to stimulate bone growth.

Question 11

Women often receive synthetic oxytocin to induce childbirth or augment contractions.What is an important consideration about the use of synthetic oxytocin?
A)It is impossible to mimic its chemical structure,so it may act on other receptors and cause side effects.
B)The synthetic form does not travel down motor neurons,so it is less effective than the natural form.
C)It can be difficult to get the levels just right,so uterine contractions can be too strong.
D)If you fail to simultaneously provide synthetic G protein,the hormone is ineffective.

Accepted Answer

Synthetic oxytocin can cause overstimulation of the uterus and potentially harm the baby if not administered appropriately. It is important to carefully monitor its use and titrate the dosage to ensure contractions are strong enough to progress labor but not so strong as to put the baby at risk.

Question 12

There is a molecule in black licorice that inhibits an enzyme which normally limits activation of mineralocorticoid receptors.Thus,overconsumption of licorice can mimic the effect of excess aldosterone.What would be the result?
A)infertility in men
B)hypertension (high blood pressure)due to insufficient potassium in the blood
C)excessive body hair
D)low blood pressure due to excessive potassium in the blood

Accepted Answer

Excess aldosterone leads to retention of sodium and water while excretion of potassium is increased, resulting in low potassium levels. This can cause high blood pressure and other health problems. Mimicking the effect of excess aldosterone through overconsumption of licorice can also lead to low potassium levels, resulting in hypertension.

Question 13

A novel disease causes destruction of the adrenal glands.If a patient with this disease failed to receive aldosterone replacement therapy,what would result?
A)death
B)diminished cognitive function
C)infertility in both men and women
D)poor blood sugar regulation

Accepted Answer

Adrenal glands produce hormones that are essential to life, including aldosterone, which regulates salt and water balance in the body. Without aldosterone replacement therapy, the patient would develop severe electrolyte imbalances, which can lead to shock, severe dehydration, and ultimately death.

Question 14

What is the primary function of the hormone ADH?
A)regulates biological rhythms
B)mediates adaptation to long term stress
C)stimulates bone breakdown
D)conserves water by stimulating its reabsorption from urine
E)inhibits loss of calcium from bone

Accepted Answer

The primary function of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is to conserve water by stimulating the reabsorption of water from urine in the kidneys, which helps to maintain proper fluid balance in the body. This is important in preventing dehydration, especially during periods of low water intake or high water loss.

Question 15

Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that causes uterine contractions in childbirth and stimulates milk secretion from nipples.Do men have oxytocin?

Accepted Answer

Yes, men also have oxytocin. It is important for social bonding and can be released during activities such as hugging, kissing, and sexual activity. It can also play a role in male reproduction by promoting the release of sperm from the testes.

Question 16

Lampreys completely lack parathyroid glands.Suggest why these glands may be important for other vertebrates,but not for jawless fish.
A)Because they are parasitic,lampreys get plenty of calcium from their hosts.
B)Living in the ocean,they are surrounded by large amounts of sodium,chloride,and magnesium ions.
C)Jawless fish employ a different system than other vertebrates to regulate blood sugar.
D)Since they have a cartilaginous skeleton but not true bone,they have less need to regulate calcium levels.

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid glands are important in regulating calcium levels in the blood, which is crucial for bone health in vertebrates. However, lampreys have a cartilaginous skeleton and not true bone, so they have less need to regulate calcium levels. Therefore, the lack of parathyroid glands in lampreys is not a significant disadvantage.

Question 17

What is a primary function of the hormone calcitonin?
A)initiates stress response
B)raises blood glucose level
C)lowers blood glucose level
D)stimulates bone growth
E)inhibits loss of calcium from bone

Accepted Answer

The primary function of calcitonin is to inhibit the loss of calcium from bones, which helps to maintain normal calcium levels in the blood.

Question 18

How could you improve your experiment?
A)Apply the hormone to mouse cell culture.
B)Apply the hormone at a concentration of 0.5M.
C)Hydrolyze the hormone before application.
D)Add ATP as a cofactor.

Accepted Answer

Applying the hormone to a mouse cell culture allows for controlled conditions to observe the hormone's effects on cells, which can provide more precise and relevant data for the experiment.

Question 19

You are a professor supervising first year medical students.One student is examining the adrenal gland of his cadaver."Wow!" he exclaims,"This person must have had an endocrine problem.Their adrenal gland lacks any kind of duct connecting it to the bloodstream.The hormones could only have oozed out." How do you respond?
A)"That makes their adrenal gland similar to an exocrine organ."
B)"Do you see signs of adrenal insufficiency,such as low fat stores or muscle degeneration?"
C)"That's normal.The hormones ooze out and diffuse into nearby capillaries,which is why endocrine glands are sometimes called 'ductless glands'."
D)"Look carefully and you will see the nerves that transport the hormones into the bloodstream."

Accepted Answer

The statement made by the student is partially correct. Endocrine glands are indeed called ductless glands because they secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream or surrounding tissue. The lack of a duct connecting the adrenal gland to bloodstream is normal and characteristic of an endocrine gland.

Question 20

A ________ is a regulatory molecule that is secreted into the blood by an endocrine gland.
A)metabolite
B)hormone
C)peptide
D)G protein
E)neurotransmitter

Accepted Answer

A hormone is a regulatory molecule that is secreted into the blood by an endocrine gland. Metabolites are molecules that are involved in metabolism, peptides are a type of molecule composed of amino acids, G proteins are intracellular signaling molecules, and neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons.

Quiz 44: The Endocrine System

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

A hormone is a regulatory molecule that is secreted into the blood by an endocrine gland.What is wrong with this definition?

The use of bovine growth hormone (BGH) to increase milk yield in dairy cows is highly controversial.What other hormone is regularly added to milk,yet causes little controversy?

Some intercellular regulatory molecules that exert only very local effects are called ________ regulators.

Which hormone helps with adaptation to long term stress?

The ________ lobe of the pituitary gland appears fibrous because it contains axons originating from hypothalamic neurons.

A couple visits a fertility clinic to determine the basis of their difficulty in conceiving a child.They are surprised to hear they will both be tested for levels of two of the same hormones,which play roles in the ovarian cycle and sperm production.Which hormones are they?

The islets of Langerhans located in the ________ secrete both insulin and glucagon.

Ecdysone and juvenile hormone regulate molting and ________ in insects.

What is a primary function of growth hormone?

Women often receive synthetic oxytocin to induce childbirth or augment contractions.What is an important consideration about the use of synthetic oxytocin?

There is a molecule in black licorice that inhibits an enzyme which normally limits activation of mineralocorticoid receptors.Thus,overconsumption of licorice can mimic the effect of excess aldosterone.What would be the result?

A novel disease causes destruction of the adrenal glands.If a patient with this disease failed to receive aldosterone replacement therapy,what would result?

What is the primary function of the hormone ADH?

Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that causes uterine contractions in childbirth and stimulates milk secretion from nipples.Do men have oxytocin?

Lampreys completely lack parathyroid glands.Suggest why these glands may be important for other vertebrates,but not for jawless fish.

What is a primary function of the hormone calcitonin?

How could you improve your experiment?

A ________ is a regulatory molecule that is secreted into the blood by an endocrine gland.