Question 1

_________ is the capacity to communicate information about events and objects in another time or place.

Accepted Answer

Displacement is the ability to communicate information about things that are not present in time or place. Overextension is the use of a word to refer to too many objects, functional fixedness is the tendency to use objects only in their traditional way, and cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort caused by holding conflicting beliefs or values.

Question 2

In the context of creativity and intelligence, ________ helps generate many possible solutions to problems.

Accepted Answer

Divergent thinking is associated with creativity and the generation of many possible solutions to problems. It involves exploring multiple perspectives and possibilities instead of converging on a single answer. Triangulation refers to combining multiple sources of information to gain a more accurate understanding of a subject, centration refers to focusing on a single aspect of a problem, and convergent thinking involves narrowing down possibilities to converge on a single answer.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true of telegraphic speech?

Accepted Answer

Telegraphic speech is a stage of language development in which children typically use basic grammatical structures and vocabulary to form short, simple sentences. These sentences usually consist of only a few words, hence the name "telegraphic." However, unlike prelinguistic vocalizations, telegraphic speech is grammatically correct and shows some understanding of language rules. This stage typically occurs around the age of two, after the child has already learned some basic vocabulary and syntax.

Question 4

Stacey, a kindergarten teacher, is teaching her students about mammals. She tells the students that fishes and birds are not mammals. In this scenario, Stacey is using _________ of the mammal concept.

Accepted Answer

Stacey is using negative instances to teach her students about mammals by telling them what animals are not mammals (fishes and birds).

Question 5

__________are mental categories used to group together objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties.

Accepted Answer

Concepts are mental categories used to group together objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties. Anagrams are re-arranged letters of a word, algorithms are step-by-step procedures for solving a problem, and heuristics are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb.

Question 6

When a child utters the word "mama," it may signify meanings as varied as "There goes Mama," "Come here, Mama," and "You are my Mama." Such single words used by children to express complex meanings are known as _________.

Accepted Answer

The term used to describe single words used by children to express complex meanings is "holophrases." A holophrase is a single word that functions as a complete sentence or thought in the language of a young child, conveying complex ideas with just one word. It is often used by infants and toddlers who are just learning to talk and not yet capable of forming full sentences.

Question 7

According to your text, true language is distinguished from the communication systems of lower animals by all of the following EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

The text does not mention 'holophrase' as a distinguishing factor between true language and communication systems of lower animals. Semanticity, infinite creativity, and displacement are all mentioned as distinguishing factors.

Question 8

_________ refers to conscious, planned attempts to make sense of and change the world.

Accepted Answer

Thinking involves conscious and intentional effort to understand and modify the environment, whereas the other options are unrelated to this concept. Free association refers to a psychoanalytic technique of saying whatever comes to mind, without censorship or critique. Overregularization refers to common errors children make when learning language. Operant conditioning refers to the process of learning through consequences, where behaviors that are reinforced become more likely to occur in the future.

Question 9

In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree that:

Accepted Answer

Most psychologists agree that both heredity and environment play a role in determining intelligence. While genetics can account for approximately 50-80% of individual differences in intelligence, environmental factors such as education, nutrition, and upbringing also have a significant impact on cognitive development. It is important to note that intelligence is a complex and multifaceted construct that cannot be reduced to a single genetic or environmental influence.

Question 10

A lawyer most likely has __________.

Accepted Answer

A lawyer's job often involves analyzing information, researching various legal precedents, and using logical reasoning to craft arguments. Therefore, having strong analytical intelligence is a vital component of being successful in this profession.

Question 11

The ________ is the view that language structures the way we view the world.

Accepted Answer

The linguistic-relativity hypothesis, also known as the Sapir-Whorf theory, is the idea that language not only reflects but also shapes the way we understand and think about the world. It suggests that our language influences our perception, cognition, and behavior. This idea is often expressed as "the structure of a language affects its speakers' worldview or cognition."

Question 12

A(n) __________ shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning.

Accepted Answer

A mental age is a measure of an individual's mental development in relation to their actual chronological age. It is often used in intelligence testing as an indicator of cognitive abilities and intellectual functioning. A mental age score can help determine a child's developmental progress and identify any areas where additional support or intervention may be needed.

Question 13

__________ holds that innate factors, which make up children's nature, cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.

Accepted Answer

The nativist theory of language development holds that innate factors, such as specific linguistic capacities, predispose children to language acquisition and influence how they attend to certain aspects of language.

Question 14

Tiffany asks her son to reorganize groups of letters such as "skosc," "odg," "imal," and "orod" into words. In this scenario, Tiffany is using _________ of the words socks, dog, mail, and door.

Accepted Answer

Tiffany is asking her son to rearrange the letters within each group to form actual words, which is the definition of an anagram. A prototype is a mental image or best example of a category, and overextensions occur when a child uses a word too broadly (such as calling all four-legged animals "doggie"). An algorithm is a step-by-step problem-solving strategy, but it is not directly related to this scenario.

Question 15

Daniel, a six-year-old boy, takes an intelligence test. The results of the test show that he is functioning intellectually like the average eight-year-old. In this scenario, Daniel has a(n) __________ of eight.

Accepted Answer

Daniel's mental age is eight, which means that he is functioning intellectually at the same level as an average eight-year-old. The concept of mental age is used in intelligence testing to compare an individual's intellectual functioning to that of others in their age group. It is calculated by comparing an individual's performance on an intelligence test to the performance of others in their age group. In contrast, chronological age refers to an individual's actual age in years, while intelligence quotient (IQ) is a standardized score that represents an individual's intellectual ability relative to others their age. Mental set refers to a person's tendency to approach problems or tasks in a particular way based on past experience or habitual thinking patterns.

Question 16

Joshua, a 10-year-old boy, knows that snakes are reptiles, all reptiles are animals, and all animals are living things. In this scenario, Joshua organizes concepts in ________.

Accepted Answer

Joshua is organizing the concepts hierarchically, starting with the most general concept of living things and moving down to the more specific concept of snakes.

Question 17

In the context of language development, which of the following statements is true of learning theory?

Accepted Answer

Learning theory views language development as a result of operant conditioning, where reinforcement and punishment shape and maintain language use. Therefore, learning theorists see language developing according to laws of learning. However, learning theory does not account for the unchanging sequence of language development, and modeling alone does not explain all the events in language learning. Children also actively engage in language use and rely on innate abilities to acquire language.

Question 18

Identify a criticism about the linguistic-relativity hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The criticism is that infants show intelligence before they learn language, suggesting that thought can occur without language, challenging the idea that language limits or determines cognitive abilities.

Question 19

In the context of problem solving, _________ involves handling one element of the problem at a time.

Accepted Answer

Serial processing involves handling one element of a problem at a time, while parallel processing involves handling multiple elements simultaneously. Overextension and overregularization refer to errors in language development and are not related to problem solving.

Question 20

__________ is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.

Accepted Answer

The description given fits the definition of intelligence, which involves a range of cognitive functions such as reasoning, problem-solving, abstract thinking, and learning from experience. Semanticity refers to the meaning of language, instinct refers to innate behavior, and memory is the ability to encode, store, and retrieve information.

Quiz 7: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence