Question 1

_________ is essentially the same as the saying, "If it isn't broken, don't fix it."

Accepted Answer

Mental set refers to the tendency to approach situations in a certain way because that method worked in the past. This aligns with the saying, "If it isn't broken, don't fix it," which suggests sticking with solutions or methods that are currently working rather than trying new approaches.

Question 2

In language development, over-inclusion of instances in a category is labeled _________.

Accepted Answer

Overextension is the term used to describe when a child uses a given word to refer to a broader set of objects or events than is typically associated with that word. For example, a child might use the word "dog" to refer not only to actual dogs but also to cows, horses, and other four-legged animals. This is an example of overextension because the child is overextending the meaning of the word "dog" to include things that are not typically considered dogs.

Question 3

Dana has the ability to easily cope with unexpected and challenging situations. She generates solutions to problems by relating unexpected situations to familiar situations. In this scenario, Dana is exhibiting ________.

Accepted Answer

Dana is exhibiting creative intelligence, which involves the ability to generate solutions to novel problems and to apply knowledge in new ways, as indicated by her ability to relate unexpected situations to familiar ones to generate solutions.

Question 4

_________ believed that general intelligence was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests.

Accepted Answer

Charles Spearman proposed the concept of a "g-factor" or general intelligence that he believed was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests.

Question 5

Vinvac Inc. was established three years ago. Kevin and Raj, co-owners of Vinvac Inc., had set a five-year goal for the company when they established it. Presently, they are assessing the difference between the company's current situation and the goals they had set so that they can work toward minimizing the difference. In this scenario, Kevin and Raj are using a technique called _________.

Accepted Answer

Kevin and Raj are using means-end analysis, which is a problem-solving technique that involves identifying the difference between a current state and a desired end state, and working backward to determine the means of closing that gap. This technique is commonly used in strategic planning and goal setting. Options A, B, and D are not relevant to the scenario described.

Question 6

_________ is defined by the ability to cope with novel situations and generate many possible solutions to problems.

Accepted Answer

Creative intelligence involves the ability to think outside the box, come up with unique and original ideas, and generate multiple solutions to problems. It is characterized by the ability to solve problems in new ways, think creatively, and adapt to new situations.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true of language?

Accepted Answer

Language is a system of communication that allows individuals to convey knowledge, thoughts, and emotions to others through speech, writing, or other means. The ability to communicate through language is unique to humans and is an essential part of human society and culture. Without language, it would be challenging to share information and knowledge, and human civilization as we know it would not exist. Options A, C, and D are all incorrect. Humans have both semanticity and displacement in their language, language uses sounds or signs as symbols for objects and actions, and language is one of the units of thinking, not something that takes away from it.

Question 8

Christopher is skilled at problem solving and possesses broad reasoning abilities. According to Charles Spearman, Christopher's abilities are indicative of _________.

Accepted Answer

Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence emphasizes the importance of general intelligence, which is an overall ability to reason and solve problems. Christopher's broad reasoning abilities align with this concept. It is important to note that other theories of intelligence, such as Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, may offer different perspectives on intelligence and its components.

Question 9

In the context of the theories of intelligence, which of the following statements is true of creative people?

Accepted Answer

According to the theory of multiple intelligences by Howard Gardner, one of the intelligences is musical-rhythmic and another is visual-spatial. Creative individuals who possess these intelligences are more likely to appreciate art and music. They may also have a tendency to think divergently and come up with unconventional solutions to problems, rather than using convergent thinking as described in option D. Choice A is incorrect as creative individuals are known to push boundaries and challenge themselves to overcome limitations. Choice C is also incorrect as creative individuals often express their unique ideas and perspectives, which may not conform to social norms or popular opinions.

Question 10

In the context of problem solving, ________ involves dealing simultaneously with two or more elements of the problems.

Accepted Answer

Parallel processing involves dealing with multiple elements of a problem simultaneously, allowing for more efficient problem solving. Serial processing involves dealing with one element of a problem at a time, which can be slower and less effective in certain situations. Overextension and overregularization are not related to problem solving.

Question 11

Identify a true statement about environmental influences on intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that children's early environment, including factors like parenting styles and educational opportunities, can have a significant impact on their eventual academic achievement and intelligence quotient scores. Choice A and C are both incorrect, as research suggests that parenting styles can have a significant impact on intelligence, and that children of responsive and supportive parents tend to score higher on intelligence tests. Choice D is also incorrect, as research has found that the home environment can impact intelligence among children of all ages, not just those over nine years old.

Question 12

A(n) _________ is a systematic procedure for solving a problem that works invariably when it is correctly applied.

Accepted Answer

An algorithm is a systematic procedure for solving a problem that, if followed correctly, is guaranteed to produce a correct result. A prototype is a preliminary model or sample, a hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested through research, and an exemplar is a typical or representative example.

Question 13

A(n) _____ is a system of symbols along with rules that are used to manipulate the symbols.

Accepted Answer

A language is a system of symbols and rules for manipulating those symbols in order to generate meaning. A prototype refers to a typical example or model of something, an algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or accomplishing a task, and an exemplar is an individual instance or example of something. None of these options fully capture the definition of a language.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true of problem solving?

Accepted Answer

Algorithms are step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution if they are followed correctly. Heuristics, on the other hand, are general problem-solving strategies that may not guarantee a correct solution, but can often lead to it more quickly than algorithms. Choice A is incorrect because heuristics do not guarantee a correct solution. Choice C is incorrect because algorithms can often be time-consuming, while heuristics can provide quicker solutions. Choice D is incorrect because heuristics are often simple and intuitive strategies that do not require extensive scientific knowledge, while algorithms can be more complex and technical.

Question 15

According to Louis Thurstone, __________ are the eight specific factors that make up intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Louis Thurstone proposed that intelligence consists of primary mental abilities, which are eight specific factors that make up intelligence. These factors include verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical ability, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, reasoning, and deductive ability.

Question 16

The anchoring and adjustment heuristic is a decision-making heuristic in which:

Accepted Answer

The anchoring and adjustment heuristic involves starting with an initial estimate (the anchor) and then making adjustments based on additional information. This initial estimate can bias our final decision, leading to the anchoring effect.

Question 17

Cooper's fear of flying may, in part, stem from the ___________.

Accepted Answer

The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision. Cooper's fear of flying may be influenced by the availability heuristic if his fear is based on easily recalled but rare events, such as plane crashes, rather than on statistics or rational evaluation of risk.

Question 18

Which of the following is a reason for overconfidence?

Accepted Answer

Overconfidence is often caused by a confirmation bias, where we seek out and interpret information in a way that confirms our beliefs. One way we do this is by working to bring about events that we believe in, which leads us to feel more confident in our abilities and judgments.

Question 19

What is the name of the concept that infants are born with the innate ability to learn language?

Accepted Answer

The name of the concept that infants are born with the innate ability to learn language is the Language Acquisition Device (LAD). This concept was proposed by linguist Noam Chomsky, who believed that all humans have an innate capacity for language acquisition that is hard-wired into the brain. The LAD is a theoretical construct that explains how children are able to learn language quickly and easily, without explicit instruction.

Question 20

In the context of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SBIS), which of the following statements is true of intelligence quotient (IQ)?

Accepted Answer

Intelligence quotient (IQ) is calculated by dividing a child's mental age by his or her chronological age and multiplying the result by 100. Therefore, it reflects the relationship between a child's mental age and his or her actual age. Option A is not true because IQ is based on both mental age and chronological age. Option C is not true because the same mental age score does not have the same implication for children of different ages. Option D is not true because IQ is calculated based on the relationship between a child's mental age and his or her chronological age, not just on the number of items answered correctly.

Quiz 7: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence