Question 1

_____ considers the results of an action before determining the ethical nature of the action.

Accepted Answer

Consequentialist theory, also known as consequentialism, is focused on the outcomes or consequences of an action. It considers the good or harm that an action might cause in order to determine its ethical nature. This theory holds that an action is morally right if the consequences resulting from that action are more positive than negative.

Question 2

Martha works as a senior manager in a financial consulting firm.When she deals with her subordinates,she understands and guides them using her morals to differentiate between right and wrong.Which of the following levels of personal moral development has Martha reached?

Accepted Answer

Martha's use of morals to guide her interactions with her subordinates indicates that she has reached the postconventional level of personal moral development. At this level, individuals use an internalized sense of right and wrong to guide their behavior, rather than simply following external rules or norms.

Question 3

Janet is a nurse at a retirement home.Contrary to the doctor's prescription,she reduces the dosage of a particular drug for one of the residents when she notices that the regular usage of the drug causes certain side effects.Which of the following is the level of personal moral development that Janet has reached?

Accepted Answer

Janet is breaking a rule (the doctor's prescription) in order to avoid harm to a resident. This shows that she is operating at a postconventional level of moral reasoning, where she is making decisions based on an internal sense of what is right and wrong, rather than simply following external rules or authority.

Question 4

Which of the following statements best defines the term,"Describe ethics and how organizational characteristics affect ethical behaviour."?

Accepted Answer

Ethics refers to a set of principles or standards that distinguish right from wrong. Organizational characteristics can influence ethical behavior by either promoting or hindering these principles or standards within the workplace culture.

Question 5

At which level of moral development are right and wrong determined by what is rewarded and punished?

Accepted Answer

This level of moral development is called preconventional, where individuals determine what is right and wrong based on the consequences of their actions. They seek to avoid punishment and gain rewards, making their moral decisions based on self-interest. This level typically applies to children and some adults who have not developed a more nuanced understanding of morality.

Question 6

Margaret is an employee at Virgo Corp.She is self-centred and follows the rules in order to avoid punishment.Which of the following levels of personal moral development has Margaret reached?

Accepted Answer

Margaret is at the Preconventional level of moral development, as she is motivated by self-interest and avoiding punishment, which is characteristic of this stage according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Question 7

Margaret was a senior executive of Taurgo Corp.till she became a whistle-blower and reported to the authorities alleged bribery and scams committed by its management.Which of the following levels of moral development was Margaret exemplifying when she testified against her employers?

Accepted Answer

Margaret was motivated by her own principles and values, and she believed that it was her duty to report illegal activities to the authorities. This shows that she was operating at the postconventional level of moral development, where individuals are guided by their own internal moral code and are willing to challenge established norms and social conventions.

Question 8

Who among the following is at the preconventional level of personal moral development?

Accepted Answer

Jonathan's behavior, which focuses on self-interest and personal gain without regard for societal norms or the welfare of others, aligns with the preconventional level of moral development. This level is characterized by a focus on direct consequences to oneself, rather than adherence to societal rules or ethical principles.

Question 9

Gary assesses his level of reasoning abilities and understands that he is at the conventional level of personal development.In which of the following situations does Gary typically exhibit this level of development?

Accepted Answer

At the conventional level of personal development, individuals typically follow rules and conform to the expectations of others.

Question 10

Which of the following is a characteristic of a person at the preconventional level of moral development?

Accepted Answer

At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals determine ethical behavior based on their own self-interest rather than social norms or universal principles. They may seek to avoid punishment or gain rewards for their actions, rather than considering the impact of their actions on others or society as a whole.

Question 11

Who among the following is at the postconventional level of personal moral development?

Accepted Answer

Joseph balances the concern for self with concern for his subordinates and the common good, indicating that he has reached the postconventional level of personal moral development. Jonathan's actions indicate that he is at the preconventional level, Gary's actions indicate he is at the conventional level, and Lewis's actions indicate he is also at the conventional level.

Question 12

The state government of Tauresia has instructed its utilities firms to schedule rolling blackouts on a daily basis.The purpose of these blackouts is to ensure that power supply is available to its neighbouring states.The government believes that although people may suffer some discomfort during these blackouts,it is in the best interests of a larger group of people.The Tauresian government's decision is an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

The Tauresian government's decision to impose rolling blackouts is based on the philosophy of utilitarianism, which prioritizes actions that produce the greatest overall happiness for the greatest number of people. While individuals may suffer some inconvenience during the blackouts, the government believes that the benefits to the larger group of people - in this case, the availability of power to neighbouring states - outweigh the costs to individuals.

Question 13

George's repeated tardiness led his supervisor to cut it out of his paycheck.He was further warned that a repetition of this behaviour would lead to a larger portion of his pay being cut.George could not afford to lose any more of his pay and decided to never be late for work again.Which of the following levels of moral development does George exemplify in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

George's decision is based on avoiding punishment and the personal consequences of his actions, which aligns with the preconventional level of moral development. This level is characterized by a focus on self-interest and avoiding negative outcomes.

Question 14

Flexigen Corp.is a pharmaceutical company.It has recently released an approved drug that has minor side effects.Despite the side effects,the drug is not removed from the market as it provides significant relief to a larger number of people than those affected by the side effects.Flexigen Corp's action can be justified on grounds of _____.

Accepted Answer

Flexigen Corp's action can be justified on the grounds of utilitarianism, which states that the ethical action is the one that provides the greatest balance of benefits over harms for the greater number of people. In this case, the drug provides significant relief to a larger number of people than those affected by the minor side effects, thus maximizing the overall benefit to society.

Question 15

_____ is a moral philosophy that holds that ethical managers strive to produce "the greatest good for the greatest number."

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy that focuses on maximizing overall happiness and well-being by producing the greatest benefit to the greatest number of people, also known as the greater good. Ethical managers who follow utilitarianism strive to make decisions based on their potential to create the greatest overall benefit for society.

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of a person in the preconventional stage of moral development?

Accepted Answer

In the preconventional stage of moral development, individuals base their actions and decisions on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards. They follow rules only to avoid physical punishment or gain personal benefit. Therefore, sticking to rules to avoid physical punishment is a characteristic of a person in the preconventional stage. The other options describe characteristics of individuals in different stages of moral development.

Question 17

While studying ethical behaviour,Tina analyzes the level of moral development that she herself exhibits.She considers herself maturing with every experience and is presently characterized by a postconventional level of moral development.Based on this level of moral development,Tina is more likely to be:

Accepted Answer

According to the postconventional level of moral development, individuals are guided by an internalized set of principles that are universally recognized as just and right. Therefore, Tina is more likely to be guided by her own internal principles and values rather than external expectations, rewards, or punishments. She is also less likely to be egocentric and more focused on considering the needs and interests of others.

Question 18

A moral point of view refers to:

Accepted Answer

A moral point of view refers to a framework of values we use to develop our internally consistent and logically justified principles and standards of right and wrong.

Question 19

Who among the following is at the conventional level of personal moral development?

Accepted Answer

At the conventional level of personal moral development, individuals are concerned with conforming to the expectations of others, such as family, friends, and colleagues. Lewis's decision-making based on what his family and colleagues say aligns with this level, as it reflects a focus on social approval and maintaining relationships.

Question 20

Henry conforms to the expectations of good behaviour as defined by his family and friends.He believes in the norms of right and wrong set by external standards more than those set by his inner conscience.By which of the following levels of moral personal development is Henry characterized?

Accepted Answer

Henry's adherence to the expectations of his family and friends suggests that he is conforming to societal norms and expectations, which is characteristic of the conventional level of moral personal development. This level is characterized by a focus on being a good member of society and following rules and norms set by external sources of authority.

Quiz 4: Individual Attitudes and Behaviors