Question 1

What are the important elements of critical thinking,and how do they improve during adolescence?

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Question 2

A focus on giving the right answer to questions is likely to get in the way of adolescents developing

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Critical thinking involves analysis, reasoning, and evaluation of information, which allows for deeper understanding and development of one's own ideas and perspectives. Simply giving the right answer without considering the underlying concepts and context does not promote critical thinking. Rote learning (A) is the memorization of information without understanding, automatization (C) is the process of making skills become automatic through repeated practice, and epistemological objectivism (D) is a philosophy that aims to find objective truth and knowledge without considering subjective perspectives. While these concepts may have some value, they are not directly related to the development of critical thinking in adolescents.

Question 3

What would you say are the most important developments in adolescent thinking from the perspective of Piaget's work? How do these developments show themselves? Give examples.

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Question 4

Adolescents have increased abilities to think about their own thinking,in what is known as

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Metacognition refers to the ability to reflect on one's own cognitive processes and strategies, including thinking about one's own thinking. This ability develops during adolescence due to the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for executive functions such as planning and self-regulation. Formal operations (A) refers to Piaget's theorized stage of cognitive development in which individuals can engage in abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking, which typically emerges during adolescence. Reflective cognition (B) is a broader term that may include metacognition but also encompasses other forms of reflection and introspection. Automatization (D) refers to the process by which skills and behaviors become automatic and require minimal conscious effort, which is not directly related to metacognition.

Question 5

When problems come up,Suriyya can be counted on to suggest new and useful solutions.Robert Sternberg would say that she is strong in _____ intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Experiential intelligence involves the ability to solve new problems and learn from experience, which aligns with Suriyya's ability to suggest new and useful solutions when faced with problems. The other options do not necessarily encompass this particular skill.

Question 6

Persistent class and ethnic differences in children's IQ scores have been explained as the result of

Accepted Answer

Persistent class and ethnic differences in children's IQ scores have been attributed to a combination of factors, including culturally biased tests, genetic group differences, and unfavorable environmental factors. Each of these explanations has been explored in various studies and discussions within the field of psychology and education.

Question 7

Sharon,14,refuses to join her parents on a trip to the beach because her new bathing suit is in the laundry and her old one has a small discoloration.From the point of view of cognitive development,why might Sharon be so concerned?

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Question 8

The process of analyzing what you know,deciding if it is correct and relevant,and coordinating it with other knowledge is known as

Accepted Answer

The process described in the question is the process of critical thinking. This involves analyzing information, evaluating its relevance and accuracy, and integrating it with existing knowledge. Self-analysis and cognitive self-regulation may be part of this process, but they do not fully capture the complex nature of critical thinking. Reflective formalism is not a commonly used term in the context of cognitive processes.

Question 9

In Howard Gardner's view,highly skilled dancers,athletes,and surgeons are all likely to have unusually high _____ intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Kinesthetic intelligence involves the ability to control one's bodily movements and handle objects skillfully. Dancers, athletes, and surgeons all rely heavily on these skills in their professions, indicating high levels of kinesthetic intelligence. Musical intelligence (A) involves sensitivity to sound, rhythm, and melody, which is unrelated to the abilities required in these professions. Experiential intelligence (B) involves learning through experiences and is not a specific type of intelligence in Gardner's theory. Global intelligence (D) is not a recognized type of intelligence in Gardner's multiple intelligences theory.

Question 10

With respect to knowledge,younger adolescents are likely to maintain that

Accepted Answer

Younger adolescents are likely to have a relativistic perspective on knowledge, which means that they understand that different people have different perspectives and that each viewpoint is valid in its own way. They may not yet have the ability to critically evaluate and choose between different viewpoints. Option A reflects a more advanced level of thinking, in which an individual is able to choose among different viewpoints based on evidence and logic. Option C reflects a more authoritarian perspective, in which knowledge is seen as something that is determined by experts or authorities. Option D reflects a more elitist perspective, in which knowledge is seen as something that only a select few can attain.

Question 11

The knowledge and critical judgment that people accumulate from education and experience is known as

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence refers to the knowledge and skills that one accumulates over time through education and experience. It contrasts with fluid intelligence, which is the ability to solve new problems, use logic in new situations, and identify patterns.

Question 12

The suggestion that environmental factors contribute to group differences in IQ is supported by the finding that

Accepted Answer

All three options provided (children adopted into more advantaged homes, parents in disadvantaged groups who encourage learning, and children who miss a lot of school) suggest that environmental factors can contribute to group differences in IQ. Children who are adopted into more advantaged homes may have access to better education and resources, potentially leading to higher IQ scores. Similarly, parents in disadvantaged groups who prioritize education and encourage learning may help their children to score higher on IQ tests. Finally, missing a lot of school could impact a child's IQ score, as they may not receive the same amount of academic stimulation and exposure to information as their peers who attend school regularly.

Question 13

Mallala gets high grades,but constantly blunders when dealing with friends.Jordan is a below-average student,but a top student politician.What approach to intelligence might help us understand these contrasts?

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Question 14

Prof.Nathanyahu says that the changes in thinking that take place in moving from childhood to adolescence are like replacing a 10-year-old computer with a new one.What sorts of changes is she probably referring to,and why are they important?

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Question 15

In what is called the Flynn effect,over the last 60 years average IQ scores

Accepted Answer

The Flynn effect refers to the phenomenon of steady increase in IQ scores over the past 60 years. This trend has been observed in many countries and across different age groups, suggesting that there have been changes in the factors that influence cognitive development and testing.

Quiz 3: Cognitive Changes