Question 1

After studying about viruses,which information indicates the student has a good understanding of viruses? Viruses:
A) Contain no DNA or RNA
B) Are capable of independent reproduction
C) Replicate their genetic material inside host cells
D) Are easily killed by antimicrobials

Accepted Answer

Virus replication depends totally on their ability to infect a permissive host cell,a cell that cannot resist viral invasion and replication.
Viruses contain both DNA and RNA.
Viruses are incapable of independent reproduction.
Viruses cannot be killed by antimicrobials.

Question 2

When an immunologist teaches about the relationship that benefits the organism but causes no harm to the host,the immunologist is describing which of the following?
A) Symbiosis
B) Mutualism
C) Commensalism
D) Pathogenicity

Accepted Answer

Commensalism benefits only the microorganism; there is no harm to the human.
Parasitic microorganisms establish symbiosis with another species in which the parasite benefits at the expense of the other species.
Mutualism benefits the human and the microorganism.
Pathogenicity benefits the microorganism,but harms the human.(Opportunism is the situation that occurs when benign microorganisms become pathogenic because of decreased human-host resistance.)

Question 3

Which of the following is a characteristic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),which causes AIDS?
A) HIV only infects B cells.
B) HIV is a retrovirus.
C) Infection does not require a host cell receptor.
D) After infection, cell death is immediate.

Accepted Answer

AIDS is an acquired dysfunction of the immune system caused by a retrovirus (HIV)that infects and destroys CD4⁺ lymphocytes (T-helper cells). HIV infection begins when a virion binds to CD4,not a B cell. Infection requires a host cell receptor. The cell remains dormant,but does not die.

Question 4

An immunologist is discussing endotoxin production.Which information should the immunologist include? Endotoxins are produced by:
A) Gram-negative bacteria
B) Gram-positive bacteria
C) Gram-negative fungi
D) Gram-positive fungi

Accepted Answer

Endotoxins are produces by gram-negative bacteria.
Endotoxins are produced primarily by gram-negative bacteria,not gram-positive.
Endotoxins are produced primarily by gram-negative bacteria,not gram-negative fungi.
Endotoxins are produced primarily by gram-negative bacteria,not gram-positive fungi.

Question 5

When bacterial pathogens enter a patient's body,they can defend themselves from an immune response by:
A) Producing capsules
B) Phagocytosis
C) Retreating
D) Developing antibodies

Accepted Answer

Bacterial survival and growth depend on the effectiveness of the body's defense mechanisms and on the bacterium's ability to resist these defenses.Many pathogens devise ways of preventing destruction by the inflammatory and immune systems by producing thick capsules of carbohydrate or protein.
Bacteria do not produce phagocytosis.
Bacteria do not retreat.
Bacteria do not develop antibodies.

Question 6

A nurse recalls bacteria become resistant to antimicrobials by:
A) Proliferation
B) Attenuation
C) Specialization
D) Mutation

Accepted Answer

Antibiotic resistance is usually a result of genetic mutations that can be transmitted directly to neighboring microorganisms by plasmid exchange.
Antibiotic resistance is a result of mutations,not proliferation,which is increased growth.
Antibiotic resistance is a result of genetic mutations,not attenuation.
Antibiotic resistance is a result of genetic mutations,not specialization.

Question 7

A 15-year-old male suffers from severe hemorrhage following a motor vehicle accident.He is given a blood transfusion,but shortly afterward the red blood cells are destroyed by agglutination and lysis.Which of the following blood type-transfusion type matches would cause this?
A) A-A
B) B-O
C) AB-O
D) A-AB

Accepted Answer

A person with type A blood also has circulating antibodies to the B carbohydrate antigen.If this person receives blood from a type AB or B individual,a severe transfusion reaction occurs,and the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or complement-mediated lysis.
Type A can receive type A blood.
Type B can receive type O.
Type AB can accept type O.

Question 8

A patient has chicken pox.How does the varicella replicate?
A) With the host cell DNA
B) Using host cell DNA polymerase
C) Using reverse transcriptase
D) In the cytoplasm

Accepted Answer

Generally,all RNA viruses replicate their genetic material in the cytoplasm of the infected cell.
Generally,all RNA viruses replicate their genetic material in the cytoplasm of the infected cell,not the host cell DNA.
Generally,all RNA viruses replicate their genetic material in the cytoplasm of the infected cell,not the polymerase.
Generally,all RNA viruses replicate their genetic material in the cytoplasm of the infected cell,not using reverse transcriptase.

Question 9

A 22-year-old was recently diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).Which decreased lab finding would be expected to accompany this virus?
A) CD4 T-helper
B) CD8 T-helper
C) CDC cells
D) CDC10 cells

Accepted Answer

The major immunologic finding in AIDS is the striking decrease in the number of CD4-positive (CD4+)T cells.
The change occurs in CD4 cells,not CD8.
CDC is not a type of cell.
CDC10 cells are not a type of cell.

Question 10

A person is given an attenuated antigen as a vaccine.When the person asks what was given in the vaccine,how should the nurse respond? The antigen is:
A) Alive, but less infectious
B) Mutated, but highly infectious
C) Normal, but not infectious
D) Inactive, but infectious

Accepted Answer

Attenuated vaccines are alive,but less infectious.
Attenuated vaccines are alive,not mutated or highly infectious.
Attenuated vaccines are normal,but mutated doesn't relate to the answer.
Attenuated vaccines are alive,but less infectious; they are not inactive.

Question 11

A 5-year-old male becomes ill with a severe cough.Histologic examination reveals a bacterial infection,and further laboratory testing reveals cell membrane damage and decreased protein synthesis.Which of the following is the most likely cause of this illness?
A) Endotoxin
B) Exotoxin
C) Hemolysis
D) Septicemia

Accepted Answer

Exotoxins are enzymes that can damage the plasma membranes of host cells or can inactivate enzymes critical to protein synthesis,and endotoxins activate the inflammatory response and produce fever.
Endotoxins released by blood-borne bacteria cause the release of vasoactive enzymes that increase the permeability of blood vessels.
Hemolysis is the breakdown of red cells.
Septicemia is the growth of bacteria in the blood.

Question 12

Which information indicates a good understanding of bacterial vaccines? Most bacterial vaccines contain:
A) Active bacteria
B) Synthetic bacteria
C) Dead bacteria
D) Bacterial toxins

Accepted Answer

Vaccines are biological preparations of weakened or dead pathogens that when administered stimulate production of antibodies or cellular immunity against the pathogen without causing disease.
Vaccines are biological preparations of weakened or dead pathogens,not active bacteria.
Vaccines are biological preparations of weakened or dead pathogens,not synthetic bacteria.
D
Vaccines are biological preparations of weakened or dead pathogens,not bacterial toxins.

Question 13

After studying about fungi,which information indicates a correct understanding of fungi? Fungi causing deep or systemic infections:
A) Are easily treated with penicillin
B) Are extremely rare
C) Never occur with other infections
D) Are commonly opportunistic

Accepted Answer

Diseases caused by fungi are called mycoses.Mycoses can be opportunistic.
Diseases caused by fungi are called mycoses.Mycoses can be opportunistic and are not treatable with penicillin.
Diseases caused by fungi are called mycoses.Mycoses can be opportunistic and are common.
Diseases caused by fungi are called mycoses.Mycoses can be opportunistic and occur with other infections.

Question 14

What common symptom should be assessed in individuals with immunodeficiency?
A) Anemia
B) Recurrent infections
C) Hypersensitivity
D) Autoantibody production

Accepted Answer

The clinical hallmark of immunodeficiency is a propensity to unusual or recurrent severe infections.The type of infection usually reflects the immune system defect.
Anemia is not a manifestation of immunodeficiency.
Hypersensitivity is not a symptom of immunodeficiency.
Autoantibody production is not a symptom of immunodeficiency.

Question 15

The microorganisms that make up the normal human flora are important for:
A) Regulating inflammation
B) Secreting bacteriostatic substances
C) Activating white blood cells
D) Preventing the colonization and multiplication of pathogens

Accepted Answer

Normal flora are provided with nutrients from ingested food,and in exchange they produce enzymes that produce antibacterial factors that prevent colonization by pathogenic microorganisms.
Normal flora prevent colonization of pathogens; they do not regulate inflammation.
Normal flora prevent colonization of pathogens; they do not secrete bacteriostatic substances.
Normal flora prevent colonization of pathogens; they do not activate white blood cells.

Question 16

A 50-year-old female experiences decreased blood pressure,decreased oxygen delivery,cardiovascular shock,and subsequent death.A complication of endotoxic shock is suspected.Which of the following is the most likely cause?
A) Gram-positive bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Gram-negative bacteria
D) Virus

Accepted Answer

Symptoms of gram-negative septic shock are produced by endotoxins.Once in the blood,endotoxins cause the release of vasoactive peptides and cytokines that affect blood vessels,producing vasodilation,which reduces blood pressure,causes decreased oxygen delivery,and produces subsequent cardiovascular shock.
Gram-positive bacteria typically do not produce endotoxins and thus do not manifest in shock.
Fungi do not produce the endotoxic shock symptoms described.
Viruses do not produce symptoms of shock.

Question 17

Which information indicates a correct understanding of viral vaccines? Most viral vaccines contain:
A) Active viruses
B) Attenuated viruses
C) Killed viruses
D) Viral toxins

Accepted Answer

Viral vaccines contain live viruses that are weakened (attenuated).
Viral vaccines contain live viruses that are weakened (attenuated),not active.
Viral vaccines contain live viruses that are weakened (attenuated),not killed.
Viral vaccines contain live viruses that are weakened (attenuated),not toxins.

Question 18

When trying to distinguish between an infectious disease and noninfectious disease,what is the hallmark symptom for most infectious diseases?
A) Fever
B) Jaundice
C) Vomiting
D) Pain

Accepted Answer

The hallmark of most infectious diseases is fever.
The hallmark of most infectious diseases is fever,not jaundice.
The hallmark of most infectious diseases is fever,not vomiting.
The hallmark of most infectious diseases is fever,not pain.

Question 19

A 5-year-old male presents with low-set ears,a fish-shaped mouth,and involuntary rapid muscular contraction.Laboratory testing reveals decreased calcium levels.Which of the following diagnosis is most likely?
A) B lymphocyte deficiency
B) T lymphocyte deficiency
C) Combined immunologic deficiency
D) Complement deficiency

Accepted Answer

DiGeorge syndrome results in greatly decreased T cell numbers and function and is evidenced by abnormal development of facial features that are controlled by the same embryonic pouches; these include low-set ears,fish-shaped mouth,and other altered features.
B lymphocyte deficiency is not manifested by these symptoms.
Combined immunologic deficiency is not manifested by these symptoms.
Complement deficiency is not manifested by these symptoms.

Question 20

A 25-year-old female reports having unprotected sexual intercourse with several men.Blood tests reveal that she is positive for human papillomavirus.What else should the nurse assess for?
A) Vaginal discharge
B) Liver failure
C) Breast cancer
D) Warts

Accepted Answer

Direct contact with papillomavirus can lead to warts.
Direct contact with papillomavirus can lead to warts,not vaginal discharge.
Direct contact with papillomavirus can lead to warts,not liver failure.
Direct contact with papillomavirus can lead to warts,not breast cancer.

Quiz 7: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense

After studying about viruses,which information indicates the student has a good understanding of viruses? Viruses:

When an immunologist teaches about the relationship that benefits the organism but causes no harm to the host,the immunologist is describing which of the following?

Which of the following is a characteristic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,which causes AIDS?

An immunologist is discussing endotoxin production.Which information should the immunologist include? Endotoxins are produced by:

When bacterial pathogens enter a patient's body,they can defend themselves from an immune response by:

A nurse recalls bacteria become resistant to antimicrobials by:

A 15-year-old male suffers from severe hemorrhage following a motor vehicle accident.He is given a blood transfusion,but shortly afterward the red blood cells are destroyed by agglutination and lysis.Which of the following blood type-transfusion type matches would cause this?

A patient has chicken pox.How does the varicella replicate?

A 22-year-old was recently diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) .Which decreased lab finding would be expected to accompany this virus?

A person is given an attenuated antigen as a vaccine.When the person asks what was given in the vaccine,how should the nurse respond? The antigen is:

A 5-year-old male becomes ill with a severe cough.Histologic examination reveals a bacterial infection,and further laboratory testing reveals cell membrane damage and decreased protein synthesis.Which of the following is the most likely cause of this illness?

Which information indicates a good understanding of bacterial vaccines? Most bacterial vaccines contain:

After studying about fungi,which information indicates a correct understanding of fungi? Fungi causing deep or systemic infections:

What common symptom should be assessed in individuals with immunodeficiency?

The microorganisms that make up the normal human flora are important for:

A 50-year-old female experiences decreased blood pressure,decreased oxygen delivery,cardiovascular shock,and subsequent death.A complication of endotoxic shock is suspected.Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Which information indicates a correct understanding of viral vaccines? Most viral vaccines contain:

When trying to distinguish between an infectious disease and noninfectious disease,what is the hallmark symptom for most infectious diseases?

A 5-year-old male presents with low-set ears,a fish-shaped mouth,and involuntary rapid muscular contraction.Laboratory testing reveals decreased calcium levels.Which of the following diagnosis is most likely?

A 25-year-old female reports having unprotected sexual intercourse with several men.Blood tests reveal that she is positive for human papillomavirus.What else should the nurse assess for?