Question 1

Sanjit hides an interesting object in a certain place several times,and his 10-month-old niece finds it.But,when she watches Sanjit hide it in a second place,she looks in the first location.This is called _____.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the A-not-B error, where infants have difficulty understanding object permanence and continue to look for objects in their initial hiding place, even if they have seen it moved to a new location. This is a common developmental stage and does not necessarily indicate a problem or require accommodation or assimilation.

Question 2

Dalila is at her wit's end.Her 18-month-old son has become a holy terror.Tuesday,he climbed up on the kitchen counter,opened the canister of sugar,and helped himself to a fistful.Thursday,he put his neighbor's Barbie doll in the fish tank for a swim.Piaget would say:

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children at the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) engage in little-scientist behaviors to learn about the world around them. The child's actions of exploring the sugar canister and putting the Barbie doll in the fish tank demonstrate curiosity and experimentation, which Piaget would view as positive developmental milestones.

Question 3

Which example BEST exemplifies emerging means-end behavior?

Accepted Answer

Claudio taking off the cap of the marker in order to write on the wall demonstrates an emerging means-end behavior because he is using a means (taking off the cap) to achieve an end (writing on the wall). The other examples do not demonstrate this same level of intentional problem-solving.

Question 4

Six-month-old Nestor adores his electronic baby seat and spends hours bouncing his legs hard to see the lights flash on and off.Nestor's behavior is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Nestor's behavior is an example of a secondary circular reaction, which involves repeating an action in order to achieve a desired outcome. In this case, Nestor is bouncing his legs in order to see the lights flash on and off, which he finds rewarding.

Question 5

Danielle puts a compelling object in front of her nephew;then,when she covers it,the child acts as if it's no longer there.Danielle's nephew is:

Accepted Answer

Danielle's nephew is likely a couple of months old because he has not yet developed object permanence, which typically begins to develop around 8 months of age.

Question 6

Professor Plott,an expert on Piaget,is giving a guest lecture on circular reactions.Which statement should she NOT make?

Accepted Answer

Professor Plott should not make the statement "When babies engage in excessive circular reactions, it's a sign of a problem." This statement is incorrect as circular reactions are a normal part of infant development and are necessary for learning about the world around them. It is only when circular reactions become excessive or repetitive that it may indicate a problem or delay in development.

Question 7

Which example BEST illustrates object permanence?

Accepted Answer

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or otherwise sensed. Playing peekaboo illustrates object permanence because the child learns that the person hiding their face still exists even when not visible.

Question 8

All are true of the "getting into everything" activities of 1-year-olds EXCEPT that:

Accepted Answer

The statement that these activities occur only when children are reinforced by adults is not true. Getting into everything is a normal developmental behavior for a 1-year-old and is not solely influenced by adult reinforcement.

Question 9

One-year-old Danny is fascinated with flushing the toilet and throwing different objects down the bowl.Flushing to see the water go down shows _____.The fact that Danny is expecting to see things reappear again after they are out of sight shows he understands the basics of object permanence.

Accepted Answer

Danny's behavior of flushing the toilet to see the water go down is an example of means-end behavior, as he is trying to achieve a desired outcome (seeing the water go down) by performing a specific action (flushing the toilet). Mechanics, assimilation, and accommodation are not applicable to this scenario.

Question 10

Douglas,a one-year-old baby,throws his spoon off the highchair tray in different directions,just to see where it lands.Douglas is showing:

Accepted Answer

Douglas is experimenting with his environment to see the outcomes of his actions, which is characteristic of "little scientist" behaviors, typically seen in the sensorimotor stage of development.

Question 11

Paulo's baby is driving him crazy because the child turns the light switch on and off for hours.Piaget would label this behavior as a:

Accepted Answer

This behavior is an example of a circular reaction, a repetitive action that achieves a desired outcome, showing the child is learning how to produce desired effects in the world, a key aspect of means-end behavior. This is typical in Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development.

Question 12

A baby who knows that her teddy bear continues to exist even when it falls behind the sofa has mastered the beginnings of:

Accepted Answer

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. In this scenario, the baby's understanding that the teddy bear still exists even when it falls behind the sofa shows that she has developed object permanence.

Question 13

Which statement is NOT one Piaget would make about the sensorimotor stage?

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that the sensorimotor stage lasted from birth to approximately age 2, not age 4 as stated in option D.

Question 14

During the little-scientist phase,babies engage in:

Accepted Answer

The answer of During the little-scientist phase,babies engage in:
...

Question 15

Tao puts an object under a cover and her baby delightedly finds it a few times.Then she puts it under another cover and her baby looks in the first hiding place.This is:

Accepted Answer

The behavior described is a common occurrence known as the A-not-B error, which typically occurs as babies approach 1 year old. This error occurs because babies have not yet fully developed the cognitive concept of object permanence, which allows them to understand that objects exist even when they are not visible. As a result, they continue to search for the object in the first hiding spot even when it has been moved to a new location.

Question 16

Baby Mamie has recently discovered the outside world.She now bats the mobile over her crib for hours.According to Piaget,this behavior is a secondary circular reaction and Mamie is probably _____ old.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a secondary circular reaction occurs between 4 to 5 months of age. This is when a child discovers repetitive actions that yield interesting results, such as batting a mobile over a crib. Therefore, Mamie is likely around 4 to 5 months old.

Question 17

When babies _____,MOST parents begin disciplining them.

Accepted Answer

Discipline typically begins when babies start to crawl, around 6-9 months old. Babies younger than this cannot understand or remember the consequences of their actions, and waiting until age three to begin discipline may allow undesirable behaviors to become habituated. Starting discipline when babies begin to crawl allows parents to set boundaries and reinforce expectations early on.

Question 18

Marta says,"Recently,I am beginning to see my little boy as an individual with his own ideas.I now find myself getting angry and disciplining him." The MOST likely reason for these feelings is that the baby:

Accepted Answer

Marta's feelings are most likely due to her baby beginning to crawl, which is a developmental milestone that signifies increased independence and mobility. This newfound independence can lead to situations where the child explores environments that may not be safe or does things that go against the parent's wishes, leading to discipline and frustration on the part of the parent.

Question 19

If a psychology professor is explaining the difference between primary and secondary circular reactions,which statement should he make?

Accepted Answer

Primary circular reactions occur when infants repeat actions that bring pleasure to their own bodies, such as thumb sucking. Secondary circular reactions occur when infants repeat actions that involve objects in their environment that bring pleasure, such as banging a toy against a surface to hear the sound it makes. Therefore, primary circular reactions are centered only on the baby's body, whereas secondary circular reactions revolve around objects in the external world. None of the other options accurately describe the difference between primary and secondary circular reactions.

Question 20

Monique's child is obsessed with putting oatmeal in the USB port of her computer and then pushing buttons to see if the food reappears.Piaget would label this behavior as a sign of:

Accepted Answer

Piaget would interpret this behavior as means-end behavior, where the child is experimenting with cause and effect (putting oatmeal in the USB port and then pushing buttons to see what happens). It also indicates emerging object permanence, as the child understands that the oatmeal still exists even when it can't be seen.

Quiz 3: Infancy: Physical and Cognitive Development