Question 1

Although Eisenberg's theory of moral development examines prosocial reasoning, there are similarities between that theory and Kohlberg's theory. For example, both theories

Accepted Answer

Both Eisenberg's theory and Kohlberg's theory suggest that moral reasoning develops from a focus on self-centered concerns to considerations of social approval and ultimately to the internalization of moral norms. Neither theory emphasizes specific ages for progression through the stages, and both have been supported through research on both males and females. While Freud and Erikson made contributions to developmental psychology, their work is not central to either of these theories.

Question 2

Who proposed a model of prosocial reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Eisenberg proposed a model of prosocial reasoning that includes three levels: hedonistic, needs-oriented, and approval-oriented.

Question 3

Gilligan describes two distinct moral orientations that she called

Accepted Answer

Gilligan described the two distinct moral orientations as justice and care. The justice orientation is focused on rules and individual rights, while the care orientation is focused on relationships and interpersonal connections.

Question 4

Faced with a choice of helping her sister finish a project or playing outside with her own friends, a child says, "I will help, but only if she promises to help me the next time." This child is reasoning at what level in Eisenberg's levels of prosocial reasoning?

Accepted Answer

The child's reasoning is based on a direct benefit to themselves, characteristic of a hedonistic orientation, where actions are motivated by the expectation of personal gain or the avoidance of punishment.

Question 5

Maria has been carefully saving her allowance so that she can buy a car when she gets her license. But recently, her father has been out of work and has some bills he is not able to pay, so Maria gives him her savings. Eisenberg would say that Maria is using which type of reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Eisenberg's stages of prosocial reasoning suggest that Maria's actions fall under "needs-oriented" reasoning. This stage is characterized by a concern for others' needs and a willingness to help meet those needs without expecting anything in return, which is what Maria is doing by giving her savings to her father.

Question 6

Delinquents and young children who act out in school are most likely to be in which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Delinquents and young children who act out...

Question 7

Thinking about and understanding the emotions of and interactions and relationships among people is called __________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of Thinking about and understanding the emotions of...

Question 8

Eisenberg's data indicates that there is a shift from hedonistic to needs-oriented reasoning by

Accepted Answer

Eisenberg's data suggests that by early adolescence, there is a shift from hedonistic reasoning, which is focused on personal pleasure, to needs-oriented reasoning, which considers the needs of others and the larger community. Therefore, option C, early adolescence, is the best choice.

Question 9

The research on Israeli kibbutz-reared children points to a larger role of ________ in children's prosocial reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The mention of "Israeli kibbutz-reared children" suggests that culture may have a larger role in their development of prosocial reasoning. The kibbutzim are cultural and social communities in Israel based on principles of communal ownership and responsibility, which may shape children's values and beliefs about sharing and cooperation. The other options, such as intelligence or heredity, are not directly related to the context provided in the question.

Question 10

Research on Gilligan's theory indicates that what matters more than gender in determining whether a person will use a caring or justice orientation in addressing a moral dilemma is

Accepted Answer

Research on Gilligan's theory suggests that the nature of the dilemma itself is more important than gender, intelligence level, education, ethnicity or race, or previous training in determining whether a person will use a caring or justice orientation in addressing a moral dilemma. The specific details of the situation and its potential consequences may have a significant impact on an individual's moral reasoning and decision-making.

Question 11

According to researcher Carl Barenboim, any descriptions that involve comparing a child's behaviors of physical features with another child, or with the norm, are called __________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to researcher Carl Barenboim, any descriptions...

Question 12

Research aimed at testing Gilligan's versus Kohlberg's ideas about moral development has found that

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research aimed at testing Gilligan's versus Kohlberg's...

Question 13

According to Gnepp & Chilamkurti, at around age 7 or 8 children develop a global sense of self-esteem, as well as exhibit a dramatic shift in their descriptions of others that includes a focus on others' __________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Gnepp & Chilamkurti, at around...

Question 14

According to Eisenberg, a child concerned with self-oriented consequences is using

Accepted Answer

Eisenberg's stages of moral development suggest that a child concerned with self-oriented consequences is using hedonistic reasoning. This stage is characterized by the child's focus on direct consequences to themselves, often seeking to satisfy their own desires and needs.

Question 15

When a child expresses concern for another person's needs, even if such a response conflicts with the child's own wishes or desires, the child is using what Eisenberg called

Accepted Answer

Needs-oriented reasoning involves considering the needs and welfare of others, even if it conflicts with one's own desires or interests. This is exactly what the child is doing in the scenario described. Egocentric reasoning involves only considering one's own perspective and desires, which is not the case here. Hedonistic reasoning involves pursuing pleasure and avoiding pain, which is not relevant to this scenario. Conventional and postconventional reasoning are related to moral development and do not directly relate to the situation described.

Question 16

According to the researcher Carl Barenboim, any statement that a child makes that includes qualifiers, explanations, exceptions, or mentions changes in character is called a(n) __________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the researcher Carl Barenboim, any...

Question 17

According to the researcher Carl Barnboim, any statement that a child makes that involves some internal personality construct is called a __________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the researcher Carl Barnboim, any...

Question 18

Eisenberg's research on kibbutz-reared Israeli elementary school children found all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Eisenberg's research found a strong emphasis on communal and egalitarian values among kibbutz-reared Israeli elementary school children, as well as reasoning based on internalized values and the humanness of recipients. However, the research did not find an early shift to a strong needs-oriented reasoning.

Question 19

Research indicates that up to ages 6 to 8, children's description of others are focused almost entirely on __________ features.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research indicates that up to ages 6...

Question 20

Gilligan hypothesized that boys are more likely to operate from an orientation of ________; while girls operate from an orientation of ________.

Accepted Answer

Gilligan's theory proposed that males are socialized to value justice and females are socialized to value care. Therefore, boys operate from an orientation of justice, while girls operate from an orientation of care. Choice A is incorrect because "connection" is not one of Gilligan's proposed orientations. Choices B and D both include "fairness" as an option, which could be considered interchangeable with "justice" for the purposes of this question, but they do not accurately reflect Gilligan's theory that girls prioritize caring over fairness/justice. Choice E is incorrect because "values" is not one of the specific orientations proposed by Gilligan.

Quiz 12: Thinking About Relationships: Social-Cognitive and Moral Development