Question 1

The 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act resulted in the US Department of Interior defining the calculation of damages to a valued resource as
A)the lost value of the resource
B)the value of restoring the resource
C)the value of replacing the resource with another resource
D)the lesser of the lost value of the resource or the value of restoring the resource

Accepted Answer

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act defines damages to a valued resource as the lesser of the lost value of the resource or the value of restoring the resource. This means that the cost of restoring the resource is weighed against the value that has been lost due to the damage, and the lesser of the two values is used to determine the amount of damages. This approach takes into account both the economic impact of the damage as well as the value of restoring the natural environment.

Question 2

Vertical equity treats
A)people in the same circumstances identically
B)people in the same circumstances proportionately
C)people in different circumstances differently
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Vertical equity recognizes that individuals with different circumstances should be treated differently according to their ability to pay. This means that individuals with higher incomes should pay a higher proportion of their income in taxes compared to individuals with lower incomes. Therefore, option C is the correct choice.

Question 3

_________ is a type of risk analysis that focuses on looking at different policy options and the levels of risk they may entail.
A)risk-benefit analysis
B)comparative-risk analysis
C)risk characterization
D)exposure analysis

Accepted Answer

Comparative-risk analysis is a type of risk analysis that evaluates and compares the risks associated with different policy options to determine which option poses the least risk.

Question 4

Risk assessment consists of several separate steps, namely:
A)exposure analysis, discount analysis, distributions analysis
B)episodic analysis, dose-exposure analysis, community characterization
C)exposure analysis, dose-response analysis, risk characterization
D)emission analysis, dose-response analysis, community characterization

Accepted Answer

The three steps of risk assessment are exposure analysis (determining the extent and frequency of exposure), dose-response analysis (determining the relationship between exposure and health effects), and risk characterization (integrating the exposure and dose-response information to estimate the level of risk to a specific population). The other answer choices do not accurately reflect the steps of risk assessment.

Question 5

A oil refinery plant has requested permission from the community to expand.The expansion is likely to increase the number of deaths in the community due to increased rates of cancer.The number of deaths and their associated probabilities is revealed in the table below:  What is the expected number of deaths?
A)0
B).8
C).33
D)cannot be determined

Accepted Answer

The answer of A oil refinery plant has requested permission...

Question 6

Refer to the figure above.A program that reduces emissions from the uncontrolled level of e₁ to emissions level e₂ A)reveals total costs equal to area (a+b+c+d) B)is clearly preferable to e*, where MD=MAC C)yields negative net benefits because the MD curve lies above the MAC curve D)reveals net benefits of (a + b) - (b)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure above.A program that...

Question 7

An environmental program is ________ if the net effect of that policy has proportionally ________ effect on low-income people as on high-income people.
A)proportional; less
B)proportional; the same
C)proportional; greater
D)progressive; the same

Accepted Answer

A policy is considered proportional if its effects are the same across different income groups, meaning it impacts low-income and high-income people equally.

Question 8

During the process of risk valuation, we often use the likelihood of outcomes to calculate the __________________.
A)probability distribution
B)expected value
C)future value
D)valuation

Accepted Answer

The likelihood of outcomes is used to calculate the expected value of the potential risks.

Question 9

Horizontal equity treats
A)people in the same circumstances identically
B)people in the same circumstances proportionately
C)people in different circumstances differently
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Horizontal equity means treating people in the same circumstances in the same way. This implies that people with similar abilities, needs, and incomes should pay the same taxes or receive the same benefits from government programs.

Question 10

A oil refinery plant has requested permission from the community to expand.The expansion is likely to increase the number of deaths in the community due to increased rates of cancer.The number of deaths and their associated probabilities is revealed in the table below:  What is the expected value of 0 deaths?
A)0
B).8
C).33
D)cannot be determined

Accepted Answer

The answer of A oil refinery plant has requested permission...

Question 11

Each of the following is a step in conducting a benefit-cost analysis of a project, except:
A)prepare a clear overview of the project including specifics about scale and perspective
B)estimate the social costs and benefits of the inputs and outputs of the project
C)quantitatively describe the inputs and the outputs of the program
D)all of the above are steps in benefit-cost analysis

Accepted Answer

All of the given options (A, B, and C) are steps in conducting a benefit-cost analysis of a project. Therefore, D is the correct answer.

Question 12

When it comes to determining the appropriate environmental project to select, the ________ link(s) benefit-cost analysis to our theoretical model of the economics of the environment.
A)equimarginal principle
B)socially efficient scale
C)social discount rate
D)economies of scale

Accepted Answer

The socially efficient scale is used to determine the optimal level of pollution control, taking into account the costs and benefits of reducing pollution. This analysis helps determine which environmental project will have the greatest positive impact on society while minimizing costs.

Question 13

An environmental program is ________ if the net effect of that policy has proportionally ________ effect on low-income people as on high-income people.
A)proportional; less
B)regressive; greater
C)regressive; the same
D)regressive; less

Accepted Answer

A regressive policy disproportionately affects low-income individuals more than high-income individuals, meaning the net effect is less favorable for low-income people.

Question 14

There are two primary types of public environmental programs where benefit-cost analysis is typically done:
A)physical projects and regulatory programs
B)programs initiated by the for profit sector and programs initiated by the not for profit sector
C)fixed budget and fixed impact projects
D)net benefit projects and sensitivity analysis projects

Accepted Answer

Benefit-cost analysis is typically done for physical projects, such as building a new water filtration plant or creating a wildlife reserve, as well as for regulatory programs, such as setting emissions standards for factories or mandating recycling programs for businesses.

Question 15

Given the information in the following table, ________ is the cost-effective way to reduce the phosphorous concentration in the Bay of Quinte. 
A)reduction in phosphorus inputs from agricultural runoff
B)alum treatment of sediments in the bay
C)tertiary treatment at sewage treatment plants
D)treatment of wastewater from water treatment plants

Accepted Answer

The answer of Given the information in the following table,...

Question 16

The choice of a discount rate is influenced by
A)time preference
B)whether the effects cross generations
C)the rate of inflation
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

The choice of a discount rate is influenced by all of the above factors. Time preference is the desire of individuals to prefer present consumption to future consumption, which is an important factor to consider as it affects the value of future benefits or costs. Whether the effects cross generations is also an important consideration as it affects the distribution of costs and benefits across time, which could have implications for intergenerational equity. Inflation is also a relevant factor as it reduces the purchasing power of future payments and receipts, and therefore can affect the value of future benefits or costs. Therefore, all of these factors should be taken into account when choosing a discount rate.

Question 17

The socially efficient scale maximizes the net social benefits from a project because
A)consumer preferences as revealed in market prices are maximized where MAC=MDC.
B)damages are minimized where MAC=MDC.
C)total abatement costs are less that total damage costs where MAC=MDC.
D)net social benefits are maximized where MAC = MDC.

Accepted Answer

Net social benefits are maximized where the marginal abatement cost (MAC) equals the marginal damage cost (MDC), as this is the point where the cost of reducing pollution equals the benefit from the reduction, leading to optimal resource allocation.

Question 18

Cost effectiveness analysis assumes a single objective and
A)estimates the costs of competing alternative approaches to achieving that objective.
B)compares the benefits of that objective and the costs of obtaining that objective.
C)estimates the damage or effect of obtaining that objective on a valued resource.
D)compares it to the effects of other competing objectives.

Accepted Answer

Cost effectiveness analysis is a method of comparing the costs and benefits of different strategies or interventions for achieving a single objective. It assumes that there is only one objective and focuses on estimating the costs of each alternative approach to achieving that objective. Option B refers to cost-benefit analysis which is a different method altogether. Option C refers to environmental impact assessment which is not relevant to the question. Option D suggests comparing competing objectives which would require a different analysis method.

Question 19

A state is considering two different environmental projects that offer the net benefit streams displayed in the table below: Benefits ($) in Year:
 .
Which project offers the greatest present value at a discount rate of 10%?
A)Project A
B)Project B
C)Project C
D)The projects are equal in the present value of their net benefits

Accepted Answer

The answer of A state is considering two different environmental...

Question 20

An environmental program is ________ if the net effect of that policy has proportionally ________ effect on low-income people as on high-income people.
A)progressive; less
B)regressive; greater
C)progressive; greater
D)progressive; the same

Accepted Answer

A progressive policy has a greater positive effect on low-income people compared to high-income people.

Quiz 6: Framework of Analysis

The 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act resulted in the US Department of Interior defining the calculation of damages to a valued resource as

Vertical equity treats

_________ is a type of risk analysis that focuses on looking at different policy options and the levels of risk they may entail.

Risk assessment consists of several separate steps, namely:

Refer to the figure above.A program that reduces emissions from the uncontrolled level of e₁ to emissions level e₂

An environmental program is if the net effect of that policy has proportionally effect on low-income people as on high-income people.

During the process of risk valuation, we often use the likelihood of outcomes to calculate the __________________.

Horizontal equity treats

Each of the following is a step in conducting a benefit-cost analysis of a project, except:

When it comes to determining the appropriate environmental project to select, the ________ link(s) benefit-cost analysis to our theoretical model of the economics of the environment.

An environmental program is if the net effect of that policy has proportionally effect on low-income people as on high-income people.

There are two primary types of public environmental programs where benefit-cost analysis is typically done:

Given the information in the following table, ________ is the cost-effective way to reduce the phosphorous concentration in the Bay of Quinte.

The choice of a discount rate is influenced by

The socially efficient scale maximizes the net social benefits from a project because

Cost effectiveness analysis assumes a single objective and

A state is considering two different environmental projects that offer the net benefit streams displayed in the table below: Benefits ($) in Year: . Which project offers the greatest present value at a discount rate of 10%?

An environmental program is if the net effect of that policy has proportionally effect on low-income people as on high-income people.

Quiz 6: Framework of Analysis

The 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act resulted in the US Department of Interior defining the calculation of damages to a valued resource as

Vertical equity treats

_________ is a type of risk analysis that focuses on looking at different policy options and the levels of risk they may entail.

Risk assessment consists of several separate steps, namely:

Refer to the figure above.A program that reduces emissions from the uncontrolled level of e1 to emissions level e2

An environmental program is ________ if the net effect of that policy has proportionally ________ effect on low-income people as on high-income people.

During the process of risk valuation, we often use the likelihood of outcomes to calculate the __________________.

Horizontal equity treats

Each of the following is a step in conducting a benefit-cost analysis of a project, except:

When it comes to determining the appropriate environmental project to select, the ________ link(s) benefit-cost analysis to our theoretical model of the economics of the environment.

An environmental program is ________ if the net effect of that policy has proportionally ________ effect on low-income people as on high-income people.

There are two primary types of public environmental programs where benefit-cost analysis is typically done:

Given the information in the following table, ________ is the cost-effective way to reduce the phosphorous concentration in the Bay of Quinte.

The choice of a discount rate is influenced by

The socially efficient scale maximizes the net social benefits from a project because

Cost effectiveness analysis assumes a single objective and

A state is considering two different environmental projects that offer the net benefit streams displayed in the table below: Benefits ($) in Year: . Which project offers the greatest present value at a discount rate of 10%?

An environmental program is ________ if the net effect of that policy has proportionally ________ effect on low-income people as on high-income people.

Refer to the figure above.A program that reduces emissions from the uncontrolled level of e₁ to emissions level e₂

An environmental program is if the net effect of that policy has proportionally effect on low-income people as on high-income people.

An environmental program is if the net effect of that policy has proportionally effect on low-income people as on high-income people.

An environmental program is if the net effect of that policy has proportionally effect on low-income people as on high-income people.