Question 1

Growth, reproduction, moods, and our responses to stress are all controlled by our _____.
A)peripheral nervous systems
B)endorphins
C)hormones
D)parasympathetic nervous system

Accepted Answer

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands that regulate growth, reproduction, moods, and responses to stress, among other physiological and behavioral functions.

Question 2

The peripheral nervous system _____.
A)is composed of the spinal cord and somatic nerves
B)is less important than the central nervous system
C)is contained within the skull and spinal column
D)includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord

Accepted Answer

The peripheral nervous system includes all the nerves and neurons that are outside the brain and spinal cord, connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

Question 3

The central nervous system _____.
A)consists of the brain and spinal cord
B)is the most important and best nervous system
C)includes the automatic and other nervous systems
D)is mediated by the endocrine system

Accepted Answer

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which serve as the primary processing centers for the entire nervous system, and manage many vital functions of the body.

Question 4

The brain and the spinal cord together comprise the ________ system.
A)peripheral nervous
B)central nervous
C)endocrine
D)sympathetic nervous

Accepted Answer

The brain and the spinal cord together make up the central nervous system, which is responsible for processing and sending out neural signals throughout the body.

Question 5

Drugs act at the synapse by _____.
A)causing the action potential to fire
B)replacing, decreasing, or enhancing the amount of neurotransmitter
C)initiating the graded potential
D)acting to enhance the amount of neurotransmitters

Accepted Answer

Drugs can affect synaptic transmission by altering the amount of neurotransmitter released, mimicking neurotransmitters, or blocking their reuptake or degradation, thereby replacing, decreasing, or enhancing their effects.

Question 6

In your text, the analogy was presented that neurotransmission at the synapse is like _____, whereas hormonal communication is like _____.
A)a drug; a vitamin
B)an individual message; a global email
C)a global email; an individual message
D)a classroom; television

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmission at the synapse is highly specific, similar to an individual message directed to a specific recipient, while hormonal communication spreads throughout the body, akin to a global email sent to many recipients.

Question 7

Endogenous opioid peptides are called ______.
A)neurotransmitters
B)endorphins
C)morphine
D)curare

Accepted Answer

Endogenous opioid peptides are known as endorphins. They are naturally produced in the body and are responsible for pain relief and pleasure, mimicking the effects of morphine, which is an exogenous compound.

Question 8

The central nervous system (CNS)has two main components.What are they?
A)Local and non-local
B)The endocrine and nervous systems
C)The head and body
D)The brain and spinal cord

Accepted Answer

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing and transmitting information throughout the body.

Question 9

What is the main function of our nervous system?
A)To send and receive information
B)To keep us safe
C)To regulate our heartbeat and respiration
D)To help us communicate with others

Accepted Answer

The main function of the nervous system is to send and receive information, allowing the body to respond to stimuli and maintain homeostasis.

Question 10

A collection of glands found throughout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to effect behavioral change or maintain normal bodily functions is called the _____ system.
A)nervous
B)alimentary
C)endocrine
D)electrochemical

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones to regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.

Question 11

The class of neurotransmitters known as endorphins function to ______.
A)stimulate hunger
B)inhibit motor functions
C)affect memory and learning
D)reduce the effects of alcohol in the bloodstream

Accepted Answer

Endorphins are neurotransmitters in the brain that play a significant role in pain relief and pleasure, and they also have been shown to affect memory and learning by influencing the processes that underlie these functions.

Question 12

Sal had a severe stroke that left him unable to talk for a year.However, during the second year, he gradually regained his ability to speak.What is the most probable explanation for what happened?
A)The neurons regenerated
B)Neurons split to form new neurons
C)Stem cells initiated the formation of new cells
D)The brain rerouted the neurons around the damaged area

Accepted Answer

The most probable explanation for Sal's gradual recovery of speech is that the brain rerouted the neurons around the damaged area. This process, known as neuroplasticity, allows the brain to adjust and form new connections, compensating for injury or disease. Neurons themselves do not regenerate or split in the adult human brain, and while stem cells do contribute to the formation of new cells in certain parts of the brain, their role in recovery from stroke through the direct replacement of lost neurons is still a subject of research and not the primary mechanism for the recovery of functions like speech.

Question 13

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the _____ nervous systems.
A)anterior and posterior
B)central and peripheral
C)chemical and mechanical
D)autonomic and anomic

Accepted Answer

The nervous system is divided into two major parts: the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which comprises all the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord and extend to other parts of the body including muscles and organs.

Question 14

Replacing lost cells in the brain with new cells is called ________.
A)neuroplasticity
B)neuroformulation
C)neurokinesis
D)neurogenesis

Accepted Answer

Neurogenesis is the process of generating new neurons in the brain, which can replace lost or damaged cells.

Question 15

Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to change its _____ in response to environmental conditions.
A)shape, weight, and size
B)structure and function
C)basic organization
D)electrical conductivity

Accepted Answer

Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life, allowing the neurons (nerve cells) in the brain to compensate for injury and disease and to adjust their activities in response to new situations or to changes in their environment. This involves changes in both the structure and function of the brain's neural networks.

Question 16

If you run a marathon, your body will release _____ to elevate your mood and reduce your pain.
A)lactic acid
B)epinephrine
C)norepinephrine
D)endorphins

Accepted Answer

Endorphins are released by the body during prolonged, continuous exercise, such as running a marathon, to help alleviate pain and produce a feeling of well-being or euphoria, often referred to as the "runner's high."

Question 17

The ________ gland is generally thought of as the "master" gland of the endocrine system.
A)pituitary
B)thyroid
C)thymus
D)pineal

Accepted Answer

The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master" gland because it controls several other hormone glands in the endocrine system, notably the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes.

Question 18

The link between the brain and the spinal cord and the rest of the body's sense receptors, muscles, and glands is the _____ nervous system.
A)peripheral
B)autonomic
C)somatic
D)sympathetic

Accepted Answer

The peripheral nervous system connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body, including sense receptors, muscles, and glands.

Question 19

Chemicals that are manufactured by endocrine glands and circulated in the bloodstream to change or maintain bodily functions are called _____.
A)vasopressors
B)gonadotropins
C)hormones
D)steroids

Accepted Answer

Hormones are the chemicals produced by endocrine glands that are released into the bloodstream to regulate or control various bodily functions, such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Vasopressors, gonadotropins, and steroids are specific types of substances that can have hormonal activity but do not encompass the broad category of all chemicals produced by endocrine glands for regulatory purposes.

Question 20

The finding that some functions are recovered more easily after brain injury than others suggests that the brain regions to which these functions are localized
A)are more plastic than other regions.
B)have an excessive amount of dopamine.
C)have larger synapses between neurons.
D)originate from more stem cells than other parts of the brain.

Accepted Answer

The concept of plasticity refers to the brain's ability to adapt or reorganize itself, especially following injury. When certain functions are recovered more easily after brain injury, it suggests that the regions responsible for these functions are more capable of this adaptation or reorganization, indicating higher plasticity in those areas.

Quiz 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations

Growth, reproduction, moods, and our responses to stress are all controlled by our _____.

The peripheral nervous system _____.

The central nervous system _____.

The brain and the spinal cord together comprise the ________ system.

Drugs act at the synapse by _____.

In your text, the analogy was presented that neurotransmission at the synapse is like _, whereas hormonal communication is like _.

Endogenous opioid peptides are called ______.

The central nervous system (CNS) has two main components.What are they?

What is the main function of our nervous system?

A collection of glands found throughout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to effect behavioral change or maintain normal bodily functions is called the _____ system.

The class of neurotransmitters known as endorphins function to ______.

Sal had a severe stroke that left him unable to talk for a year.However, during the second year, he gradually regained his ability to speak.What is the most probable explanation for what happened?

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the _____ nervous systems.

Replacing lost cells in the brain with new cells is called ________.

Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to change its _____ in response to environmental conditions.

If you run a marathon, your body will release _____ to elevate your mood and reduce your pain.

The ________ gland is generally thought of as the "master" gland of the endocrine system.

The link between the brain and the spinal cord and the rest of the body's sense receptors, muscles, and glands is the _____ nervous system.

Chemicals that are manufactured by endocrine glands and circulated in the bloodstream to change or maintain bodily functions are called _____.

The finding that some functions are recovered more easily after brain injury than others suggests that the brain regions to which these functions are localized