Question 1

Which of the following is a requirement of joint attention?

Accepted Answer

Joint attention requires the ability to track another's behavior and focus attention on a shared object or event. Option A and D may be related to object manipulation or preference, but they are not directly related to joint attention. Option C is the opposite of joint attention, which involves an interest in others and shared experiences. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

Question 2

_____ is a central feature of cognitive development, pertaining to all situations in which an individual retains information over time.

Accepted Answer

Memory is the central feature of cognitive development that involves retaining information over time.

Question 3

Heather is shown a teddy bear. The teddy bear is then hidden from her. Heather searches for the teddy bear. This shows that Heather has developed a sense of:

Accepted Answer

Heather's search for the teddy bear after it is hidden indicates she understands that the object continues to exist even when it is not visible, which is the concept of object permanence.

Question 4

Sharon's favorite stuffed animal has been sitting by her right side for the last hour. She has picked it up and put it back in the same place several times. Her mother, trying to get Sharon to move, got her attention by placing the toy across the floor. She notices that Sharon keeps reaching on her right side, expecting the toy to be there. This is an example of a(n):

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the A-not-B error, where an individual continues to look for an object in a familiar location (A) even after seeing it moved to a new location (B).

Question 5

Madison noticed that she is finally able to get her son, Sam, to look when she points to something and says the name or the color of the object. Based on research, it is likely that Sam is between ______.

Accepted Answer

By 8 to 12 months, infants typically develop the ability to follow a caregiver's gaze or pointing gesture, which is an important aspect of joint attention and language development.

Question 6

Mandy sees a little girl in the grocery store throwing a screaming tantrum to get a toy. The next week at the mall, Mandy begins screaming and crying to get some candy. Mandy is showing:

Accepted Answer

Deferred imitation is when an individual observes a behavior and later replicates it, as Mandy did by imitating the tantrum she saw earlier.

Question 7

In considering the big issue of whether nature or nurture plays the more important role in infant development, Elizabeth Spelke endorses a _____ approach, which states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems.

Accepted Answer

Elizabeth Spelke endorses a core knowledge approach to infant development, which emphasizes that infants are born with innate knowledge systems in specific domains such as language, physics, and psychology. This suggests that nature plays a more important role in infant development.

Question 8

According to research by Hamlin on preverbal infants, a sense of morality may be present as early as

Accepted Answer

Research by Hamlin suggests that a sense of morality may be present in infants as early as four months after birth.

Question 9

Which statement is FALSE regarding Meltzoff's research and position on imitation?

Accepted Answer

Meltzoff's research suggests that imitation is an innate ability, indicating a strong nature component rather than being primarily influenced by nurture.

Question 10

Jasmine is fascinated by the jingling of a ring of keys her mother has. When her mother drops the keys on the table behind Jasmine, the infant starts to cry and moves her hands in protest. This shows that Jasmine has not developed an understanding of:

Accepted Answer

Jasmine's reaction indicates she does not understand that the keys still exist even when she cannot see them, which is a lack of object permanence.

Question 11

When Ernesto, after not swimming during the winter months, remembers how to swim with very specific strokes as soon as he is in the water, he is demonstrating the power of his:

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory involves unconscious recollection, such as remembering how to perform tasks like swimming, which does not require conscious thought.

Question 12

Research by Renée Baillargeon and her colleagues have found that infants as young as three to four months expect objects to be _____ in the sense that other objects cannot move through them, and _____ in the sense that objects continue to exist when they are hidden.

Accepted Answer

Infants expect objects to be substantial, meaning they cannot move through other objects, and permanent, meaning they continue to exist when hidden.

Question 13

When Abraham describes to his friend what he did last summer on vacation, he is relying on his _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

Abraham is relying on his explicit memory because he is consciously recalling a specific event from his past.

Question 14

Connor is part of an infant study where he is placed in a crib. A ribbon is tied to his ankle and when he kicks that leg it makes a mobile move. A week later, Connor is brought back to the lab and as soon as he is placed in the same crib he starts kicking. Connor is learning through:

Accepted Answer

Connor is learning through operant conditioning, where his kicking behavior is reinforced by the movement of the mobile, encouraging him to repeat the action.

Question 15

Juno is riding a bike. This activity requires Juno to use her memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically, referred to as her _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory involves skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically without conscious awareness, such as riding a bike.

Question 16

Carolyn Rovee-Collier's research with the infants using a ribbon and a mobile was able to show that:

Accepted Answer

Carolyn Rovee-Collier's research demonstrated that infants as young as 2.5 months can remember information, as they learned to kick to move a mobile and retained this memory for a period of time.

Question 17

Zoe heard a child on the playground singing, "fa la fa la fa la." Later that evening while the family was eating dinner Zoe started singing, "fa la fa la fa la" just the way she heard it earlier in the day. Zoe is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Deferred imitation is when an individual observes a behavior and later reproduces it after a delay, as Zoe did by singing the song she heard earlier.

Question 18

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called:

Accepted Answer

The term for the focusing of mental resources on select information is attention.

Question 19

Bella knows the names of all the states that comprise the United States. The names of the states are a part of Bella's _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bella knows the names of all the...

Question 20

Which of the following is a key criticism of Piaget's theory of sensorimotor cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infants have more cognitive abilities than Piaget originally proposed, suggesting they are more competent than he thought.

Quiz 3: Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy