Question 1

The selection effect in peer influence refers to the tendency of children and youth to

Accepted Answer

The selection effect in peer influence refers to the tendency for children and youth to seek out friends who share similar interests, attitudes, and behaviors. This can create a situation where peer influence can reinforce certain behaviors or attitudes, as like-minded individuals tend to associate with each other. Choices A, B, and D do not accurately describe the selection effect.

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of relational aggression?

Accepted Answer

Relational aggression involves using social exclusion, gossip, and other forms of manipulation to harm others socially or emotionally. Refusing to let someone join a club is an example of this type of aggression. The other options involve physical aggression (A and D) or anger towards a non-human object (B).

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT true regarding cultural diversity?

Accepted Answer

Culture strongly influences how strictly social roles are defined, making option C false. In some cultures, social roles are highly defined and rigidly enforced, while in other cultures, roles are more flexible and fluid. A and B are true statements about cultural diversity, and D is also true in that each culture develops its own norms and values.

Question 4

The hormone testosterone

Accepted Answer

Testosterone is a male sex hormone that stimulates the growth of male sex organs such as the penis, testes, and prostate gland. It is also responsible for male secondary sex characteristics, such as facial and body hair, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle and bone mass. It is not found only in females and does not determine the sex of the developing person. It does not stimulate growth of the female sex organs.

Question 5

Despite growing up in the same home environment,Karen and her brother John have personalities as different from each other as two people selected randomly from the population. Why is this so?

Accepted Answer

Personality is shaped by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. While siblings growing up in the same family environment may share many experiences, they also have unique experiences and relationships that can shape their personalities in different ways. This is known as the nonshared environment, which can include differences in parenting, peer relationships, and life events. As a result, it is quite common for siblings to have different personalities despite being raised in the same home environment.

Question 6

Providing a child with a stimulating educational environment during early childhood is likely to

Accepted Answer

During early childhood, a stimulating educational environment can prevent neural connections from degenerating by promoting brain development and cognitive growth. This process is known as synaptic pruning, where unused neural connections are eliminated to strengthen the remaining ones. Choices A and B are not directly influenced by an educational environment.

Question 7

Genetically male children who underwent sex-reassignment surgery and were raised as girls later

Accepted Answer

Studies on genetically male children who underwent sex-reassignment surgery and were raised as girls show that they have varied outcomes in terms of their gender identity. Some describe themselves as female, some as male, and some have an unclear or fluid sexual identity. Therefore, the best choice is D - describing themselves either as female or male, or having an unclear sexual identity.

Question 8

Which of the following most accurately expresses the extent of parental influence on personality?

Accepted Answer

While parents certainly have an influence on their child's personality, research suggests that this influence is more limited than what popular psychology leads us to believe. A child's personality is shaped by a multitude of factors, including genetics, peer groups, and life experiences, and parents are just one of many factors.

Question 9

The traditions of a culture are passed from one generation to the next by means of

Accepted Answer

Traditions of a culture are typically passed down through the shared norms and values of that culture. These norms and values are typically taught to each new generation as they grow up and become members of the culture themselves. While genes and chromosomes can affect certain aspects of culture (such as physical characteristics), they are not typically responsible for passing down cultural traditions. Similarly, temperaments may reflect certain cultural values or beliefs, but they are not the primary means by which culture is transmitted.

Question 10

Four-year-old Sarah,who has very specific ideas about what it means to be female and frequently adjusts her behavior accordingly,is demonstrating the importance of ________ in the formation of gender identity.

Accepted Answer

Gender schemas are cognitive structures that allow individuals to organize and process information about gender. They are developed through socialization and personal experiences, and can influence a person's behavior and self-concept related to gender. Sarah's specific ideas about what it means to be female suggest that she is using a gender schema to guide her behavior and self-image.

Question 11

Rod has always felt pressure to be the driver when traveling in a car with Sue because he learned that this was expected of men. Rod's feelings illustrate the influence of

Accepted Answer

Rod's sense of obligation to conform to a specific type of behavior based on his gender is an example of gender roles, which are social and cultural expectations of how men and women should behave.

Question 12

Chad,who grew up in the United States,is more likely to encourage ________ in his future children than Asian-born Hidiyaki,who is more likely to encourage ________ in his future children.

Accepted Answer

Cultural norms in the United States often emphasize independence, while many Asian cultures value emotional closeness and interdependence within families.

Question 13

Although the fitness center has many unused lockers,Rabab picks a locker right next to Chalina's,who feels uncomfortable because Rabab has intruded into her

Accepted Answer

Personal space refers to the area around a person that they consider to be their own. Chalina feels uncomfortable because Rabab has intruded into her personal space by choosing a locker right next to hers, despite there being many other unused lockers available. This is not related to gender norms, gender roles, or cultural schemas.

Question 14

Of the following,parents are most likely to influence their children's

Accepted Answer

While parents can have an influence on all aspects listed, research has shown that parents play a particularly strong role in shaping their children's religious beliefs and practices. This can include instilling values, rituals, and beliefs from a young age, as well as modeling religious behavior themselves. Additionally, parents may expose their children to religious communities and experiences that can further shape their faith.

Question 15

When his son cries because another child has taken his favorite toy,Brandon admonishes him by saying,"Big boys don't cry." Evidently,Brandon is an advocate of ________ in accounting for the development of gender-linked behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Brandon's response suggests he believes in social learning theory, which posits that children learn gender-linked behaviors by observing and imitating others, and through reinforcement and punishment. By telling his son that "big boys don't cry," he is reinforcing a gender stereotype through social cues.

Question 16

Compared with Westerners,people in communal societies,such as Japan or China,

Accepted Answer

People in communal societies, such as Japan or China, tend to have a stronger sense of family, exhibit greater shyness toward strangers, and exhibit greater concern for loyalty and social harmony. So, option D covers all of these characteristics.

Question 17

Children who are raised by parents who discourage traditional gender typing

Accepted Answer

The answer of Children who are raised by parents who...

Question 18

Collectivist cultures

Accepted Answer

Collectivist cultures prioritize group goals, value social harmony, and foster social interdependence. These characteristics are integral to collectivist cultures and are often prioritized above individual goals or achievements.

Question 19

The fertilized egg will develop into a boy if,at conception,

Accepted Answer

The sex of a baby is determined by the chromosomes carried by the sperm. If a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the developing baby will have XY chromosomes and will be male. If a sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the developing baby will have XX chromosomes and will be female. Therefore, the best choice is B, as it states that the sperm contributes a Y chromosome.

Question 20

Compared with men,women

Accepted Answer

While it would be unfair to generalize and say that all women or all men communicate in certain ways, research has shown that on average, women do tend to talk more openly than men, and may be more likely to discuss their feelings and emotions. Choice A may be true in some cases, but is not necessarily a universal characteristic of women's communication styles. Choice B is not necessarily true either, as men and women both value freedom and self-reliance to varying degrees.

Quiz 31: Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future