Question 1

Of the following categories of psychotherapy,which is known for its nondirective nature?

Accepted Answer

Humanistic therapy, also known as person-centered therapy, is known for its nondirective nature. The therapist provides a safe and supportive environment for the client to explore their thoughts and feelings, with the therapist acting as a guide rather than actively directing the therapy. This approach emphasizes the client's autonomy, self-awareness, and personal growth.

Question 2

One reason that aversive conditioning may only be temporarily effective is that

Accepted Answer

The effectiveness of aversive conditioning in reducing unwanted behaviors depends on whether the patient perceives that they will be subject to aversive consequences if they engage in the undesired behavior. However, outside of the therapist's office, patients may believe that they can engage in the behavior without fear of aversive consequences, making the conditioning effect temporary.

Question 3

Which type of psychotherapy focuses on changing unwanted behaviors rather than on discovering their underlying causes?

Accepted Answer

Behavior therapy is focused on modifying or changing specific behaviors through techniques such as reinforcement, punishment, and modeling. It does not typically address deeper underlying causes of the behavior, as other forms of therapy may do.

Question 4

Principles of operant conditioning underlie which of the following techniques?

Accepted Answer

The token economy is a technique based on the principles of operant conditioning, where desirable behavior is reinforced with tokens or points that can be exchanged for rewards, such as privileges or tangible items. The other techniques listed (counterconditioning, systematic desensitization, and stress inoculation training) are based on the principles of classical conditioning.

Question 5

To help him overcome his fear of flying,Duane's therapist has him construct a hierarchy of anxiety-triggering stimuli and then learn to associate each with a state of deep relaxation. Duane's therapist is using the technique called

Accepted Answer

The technique being described involves gradually exposing the individual to fear-triggering stimuli while simultaneously promoting relaxation, which is the basis of systematic desensitization. Aversive conditioning involves associating negative consequences with undesired behavior, shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior to teach it, and free association is a technique used in psychoanalytic therapy to explore unconscious thoughts and experiences.

Question 6

The technique of systematic desensitization is based on the premise that maladaptive symptoms are

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a behavioral technique that is based on the idea that maladaptive symptoms are learned responses to certain stimuli. The goal of the technique is to reduce the emotional response associated with the stimuli through gradual exposure, replacing the conditioned response with a more positive or neutral one. This approach has been found to be effective in treating anxiety disorders, phobias, and other conditions where maladaptive symptoms are linked to a conditioned response.

Question 7

To help Sam quit smoking,his therapist blew a blast of smoke into Sam's face each time Sam inhaled. Which technique is the therapist using?

Accepted Answer

The technique the therapist is using is aversive conditioning, which aims to associate a negative or unpleasant stimulus (in this case, the smoke blown in Sam's face) with a behavior that the person wants to change (smoking). This is done to decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future.

Question 8

The techniques of counterconditioning are based on principles of

Accepted Answer

Counterconditioning is a technique used in classical conditioning, where an existing conditioned response is replaced with a new, more favorable response. Its goal is to modify an unwanted behavior or emotional response by pairing it with a positive stimulus in order to replace or "counter" the negative response.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of behavior therapy?

Accepted Answer

All the options listed (A, B, C) are indeed common criticisms of behavior therapy, making D the correct answer as it states that all these options are criticisms of the approach.

Question 10

During psychoanalysis,Jane has developed strong feelings of hatred for her therapist. The analyst interprets Jane's behavior in terms of a ________ of her feelings toward her father.

Accepted Answer

Transference refers to the client's unconscious feelings or attitudes towards the therapist that are based on past experiences with important people in the client's life, particularly their parents. In this case, Jane's strong feelings of hatred for her therapist may be an unconscious transference of her feelings towards her father. The therapist interprets this behavior as a transference and uses it to help Jane explore and work through her unresolved feelings towards her father.

Question 11

The technique in which a therapist echoes and restates what a person says in a nondirective manner is called

Accepted Answer

The technique described is active listening. Free association is a psychoanalytic technique in which a person is encouraged to speak as freely as possible about any thoughts, memories or feelings that may arise. Systematic desensitization is a technique used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders, in which a person is gradually exposed to the feared stimulus while practicing relaxation techniques. Transference refers to the transfer of emotions and feelings from one person or situation to another that is unrelated.

Question 12

Leota is startled when her therapist says that she needs to focus on eliminating her problem behavior rather than gaining insight into its underlying cause. Most likely,Leota has consulted a ________ therapist.

Accepted Answer

Behavior therapists focus on modifying specific problem behaviors rather than exploring underlying psychological issues.

Question 13

Carl Rogers was a ________ therapist who was the creator of ________.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers was an influential humanistic therapist who developed client-centered therapy, a form of talk therapy that emphasizes empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness. Unlike other therapy models, Rogers believed that the client should be the center of the therapeutic process, fostering the development of the individual's potential and promoting self-actualization.

Question 14

The operant conditioning technique in which desired behaviors are rewarded with points or poker chips that can later be exchanged for various rewards is called

Accepted Answer

The technique described in which rewards (tokens or points) are used to reinforce desired behaviors is known as a token economy. The other options are specific techniques used in classical or operant conditioning, but do not involve the use of tokens or rewards.

Question 15

Using techniques of classical conditioning to develop an association between unwanted behavior and an unpleasant experience is known as

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves creating an association between two stimuli. In aversive conditioning, the unwanted behavior is paired with an unpleasant experience, such as a loud noise or an electric shock, in order to decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future. Systematic desensitization is a technique used to treat phobias, transference is a psychoanalytic concept, and electroconvulsive therapy is a treatment for severe mental illness.

Question 16

Given that Jim's therapist attempts to help him by offering genuineness,acceptance,and empathy,she is probably practicing

Accepted Answer

The three qualities mentioned - genuineness, acceptance, and empathy - are central to client-centered therapy, a type of humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers. In client-centered therapy, the therapist aims to create a non-judgmental, supportive environment in which the client can explore their feelings and experiences. The therapist does this by demonstrating genuineness (being authentic and transparent with the client), acceptance (non-judgmentally acknowledging the client's experiences and emotions), and empathy (understanding the client's perspective and feelings). Based on these characteristics, the therapist in this scenario is most likely practicing client-centered therapy.

Question 17

Which type of psychotherapy emphasizes the individual's inherent potential for self-fulfillment?

Accepted Answer

Humanistic therapy, also known as person-centered therapy, emphasizes the individual's inherent potential for growth and self-fulfillment. It focuses on the present moment and the individual's subjective experience of their own world, rather than analyzing past experiences or unconscious conflicts like psychoanalysis or changing specific behaviors like behavior therapy. Biomedical therapy involves medication and other medical interventions for mental health disorders, which does not align with the focus on self-fulfillment in humanistic therapy.

Question 18

Which type of psychotherapy would be most likely to use the interpretation of transference as a technique for bringing unconscious feelings into awareness?

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic therapy emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences in shaping adult behavior. The therapist may use the interpretation of transference, where the client unconsciously transfers feelings and attitudes from past relationships onto the therapist, as a technique to bring unconscious feelings into awareness. This can help the client gain insight into their current relationships and patterns of behavior. Client-centered therapy, cognitive therapy, and behavior therapy do not typically use the interpretation of transference as a technique.

Question 19

In which of the following does the client learn to associate a relaxed state with a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing situations?

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a type of behavioral therapy in which the client learns to associate a relaxed state with a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing situations. This is done through gradual exposure to each step of the hierarchy while the client practices relaxation techniques, allowing them to become desensitized to the anxiety-provoking stimuli. Cognitive therapy focuses on changing thought patterns, aversive conditioning involves pairing an unpleasant stimulus with an undesirable behavior, and counterconditioning involves replacing a negative response with a positive one.

Question 20

Unlike traditional psychoanalytic therapy,psychodynamic therapy

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic therapy focuses on current relationships and the present moment, whereas traditional psychoanalytic therapy often delves into past experiences and unconscious processes.

Quiz 5: Narcissism and the Limits of Self-Esteem