Question 1

Causal Modeling Serbin and colleagues (1990) studied differences in boys' and girls'
Academic performance in elementary school.Using ____, they found that
Girls' academic performance was better explained by social responsiveness
And willingness to follow directions while the boys' performance was better
Predicted by their visuospatial skills.
A)factor analysis
B)multiple correlation
C)path analysis
D)simple correlation

Accepted Answer

Causal modeling, specifically path analysis, was used to identify the different factors that contributed to boys' and girls' academic performance in elementary school. This allowed the researchers to determine that girls' performance was influenced by social responsiveness and willingness to follow directions, while boys' performance was related to their visuospatial skills. Factor analysis and multiple correlation would not have been appropriate for identifying causal relationships in this study, and simple correlation would not have been sufficient for examining the complex factors influencing academic performance.

Question 2

Correlational Designs Researchers can use ____ to predict hyperactivity scores for children
Diagnosed with attention deficit disorder if they know their daily consumption
Of both refined sugar and artificial food coloring.
A)factor analysis
B)multiple regression analysis
C)path analysis
D)simple correlation

Accepted Answer

Multiple regression analysis allows researchers to predict scores on one variable (hyperactivity) based on the values of multiple predictor variables (refined sugar and artificial food coloring consumption). Factor analysis would not be appropriate as it is used to identify underlying factors that contribute to variability in data, while path analysis is used to test causal models. Simple correlation may identify a relationship between hyperactivity scores and each predictor variable separately, but would not allow for prediction of hyperactivity scores based on both variables together.

Question 3

Quasi-Experimental Designs Researchers select values of ____ variables in ex post facto studies.
A)environmental
B)social
C)subject
D)task

Accepted Answer

Ex post facto studies are conducted after the fact, meaning the researcher cannot manipulate the independent variables. Therefore, the researcher must select participants based on pre-existing characteristics, making subject variables the only viable option for selection. Environmental, social, and task variables are not relevant for selection in ex post facto studies.

Question 4

Causal Modeling All of these are quasi-experimental designs except
A)cross-sectional studies.
B)ex post facto studies.
C)longitudinal designs.
D)path analysis.

Accepted Answer

Path analysis is not a quasi-experimental design; it is a statistical technique used for examining the directed dependencies among a set of variables.

Question 5

Causal Modeling In a cross-lagged panel design, researchers focus on the ____ to identify
A possible causal path.
A)diagonal correlations
B)horizontal correlations
C)regression line
D)vertical correlations

Accepted Answer

In a cross-lagged panel design, researchers focus on the diagonal correlations to identify possible causal paths between variables at different time points. This approach helps in understanding how one variable may lead to changes in another over time.

Question 6

Correlational Designs Researchers can use ____ to predict the score on one behavior from
Scores on two related behaviors.
A)factor analysis
B)multiple regression analysis
C)path analysis
D)simple correlation

Accepted Answer

Multiple regression analysis is used to predict the score of one variable based on the scores of two or more other variables, making it the correct choice for predicting the score on one behavior from scores on two related behaviors.

Question 7

Causal Modeling Researchers who use path analysis to model causal relationships achieve low
Internal validity because
A)no antecedents are manipulated.
B)subjects are selected using nonprobability sampling.
C)there is low imposition of units.
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

The answer of Causal Modeling Researchers who use path analysis...

Question 8

Causal Modeling A researcher creates models of possible causal relationships in
A)factor analysis.
B)longitudinal designs.
C)path analysis.
D)pretest/posttest designs.

Accepted Answer

Path analysis is a statistical technique used to create models that depict the possible causal relationships between variables. Factor analysis is used to identify underlying factors that contribute to observed correlations between variables, and longitudinal and pretest/posttest designs are types of research designs rather than statistical techniques used for modeling causal relationships.

Question 9

Quasi-Experimental Designs All of these describe an ex post facto study except
A)different treatment groups.
B)high degree of imposition of units.
C)random assignment of subjects to treatment groups.
D)rigorous control procedures.

Accepted Answer

Ex post facto studies are non-experimental designs that involve observing phenomena after they have occurred, without intervention or manipulation of variables. Random assignment of subjects to treatment groups is a key feature of experimental designs, not ex post facto studies. Different treatment groups, rigorous control procedures, and a high degree of imposition of units can all be features of quasi-experimental designs, which are often used when it is not possible or ethical to conduct true experiments.

Question 10

Causal Modeling A cross-lagged panel design can only suggest the possible direction of a
Causal relationship between two behaviors because of
A)bidirectional causation.
B)low imposition of units.
C)the third variable problem.
D)bidirectional causation and the third variable problem.

Accepted Answer

A cross-lagged panel design can only suggest the possible direction of a causal relationship between two behaviors because of both bidirectional causation (where both behaviors may influence each other) and the third variable problem (where a third variable may be influencing both behaviors).

Question 11

Causal Modeling Researchers use cross-lagged panel designs and path analysis, which are
____ procedures, in causal modeling.
A)correlational
B)cross-sectional
C)longitudinal
D)pretest/posttest

Accepted Answer

Cross-lagged panel designs and path analysis are correlational procedures used to examine relationships between variables over time in causal modeling.

Question 12

Causal Modeling In ____ studies, experimenters systematically examine selected traits,
Events, or behaviors, without actually manipulating them.
A)cross-lagged panel design
B)ex post facto
C)experimental
D)cross-lagged panel design and ex post facto

Accepted Answer

The answer of Causal Modeling In ____ studies, experimenters systematically...

Question 13

Quasi-Experimental Designs Which study would a researcher use to compare the birth weights of children
Whose mothers chose to smoke or abstain from smoking during pregnancy?
A)correlational
B)cross-sectional
C)ex post facto
D)longitudinal

Accepted Answer

An ex post facto design is a type of quasi-experimental design that allows researchers to compare groups based on preexisting conditions, such as a mother's choice to smoke or not smoke during pregnancy. In this case, the researcher cannot ethically manipulate whether or not a mother smokes during pregnancy, so an experimental design is not possible. A correlational design would only show the relationship between smoking and birth weight, but not whether smoking causes lower birth weight. A cross-sectional design would compare children at different ages, which is not relevant for this research question. A longitudinal design would follow the same group of children over time, which is not necessary for this research question.

Question 14

Causal Modeling Batson and colleagues (2002) constructed a path analysis model for helping
Using
A)beta weights.
B)cross-lagged panel analysis.
C)factor analysis.
D)simple correlation.

Accepted Answer

Beta weights are used in path analysis models, including those for studying causal relationships in psychology, as they help in understanding the impact of one variable on another while controlling for other variables in the model. Batson and colleagues (2002) would have used beta weights in their path analysis model to examine the causal relationships in helping behavior.

Question 15

Correlational Designs A beta weight reported in multiple regression analysis refers to the
A)importance of a variable as a predictor.
B)intercorrelation among three or more variables.
C)reliability of a variable as a predictor.
D)variability of the predicted variable.

Accepted Answer

A beta weight in multiple regression analysis indicates the importance or strength of a variable as a predictor of the outcome variable.

Question 16

Causal Modeling Which method creates causal models by measuring relationships over time?
A)cross-lagged panel design
B)cross-sectional design
C)ex post facto study
D)path analysis

Accepted Answer

Cross-lagged panel design measures the same variables at different points in time, allowing for the examination of causal relationships between variables over time. The other methods listed do not involve measuring variables over time in the same way.

Question 17

Causal Modeling Researchers measured body mass index and collected exercise diaries from 250 college students during their freshman and senior years.They
Calculated correlations between these variables and found that the largest
Diagonal correlation was + .45.Which design did they use?
A)cross-lagged panel design
B)cross-sectional design
C)ex post facto study
D)path analysis

Accepted Answer

The researchers used a cross-lagged panel design, which involves measuring the same variables for the same subjects at multiple points in time to analyze the direction and magnitude of relationships between variables over time. This design is indicated by the collection of data (body mass index and exercise diaries) from the same individuals (college students) during two different time points (freshman and senior years).

Question 18

Quasi-Experimental Designs Ex post facto studies are generally ____ in the degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions and ____ in the degree of imposition of units.
A)low, high
B)low, low
C)high, high
D)high, low

Accepted Answer

Ex post facto studies are characterized by a low degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions because the researcher does not control the independent variable but rather observes it after it has occurred. They are high in the degree of imposition of units because the researcher assigns participants to groups based on pre-existing characteristics.

Question 19

Causal Modeling Researchers can use beta weights in ____ to construct possible causal
Sequences for related behaviors.
A)factor analysis
B)multiple correlation
C)path analysis
D)simple correlation

Accepted Answer

Beta weights can be used in path analysis to construct possible causal sequences for related behaviors. In path analysis, researchers can examine the direct and indirect effects of multiple variables on an outcome variable, allowing for the testing of possible causal relationships. Factor analysis is used for identifying underlying factors that explain patterns of correlations among variables, multiple correlation measures the strength of the relationship between two or more predictor variables and a criterion variable, and simple correlation measures the strength of the relationship between two variables.

Question 20

Quasi-Experimental Designs At the start of the semester, the university installed computer workstations in
One General Psychology classroom and traditional desks and an LCD
Projector in another.At the end of the semester, researchers compared
Student satisfaction with their classrooms.Which quasi-experimental design
Did they use?
A)cross-lagged panel design
B)longitudinal design
C)nonequivalent groups design
D)pretest/posttest design

Accepted Answer

The researchers used a nonequivalent groups design because they did not randomly assign students to the two different classrooms. Instead, the classrooms were already set up and the students chose which class to enroll in. This means that the two groups of students were not equivalent at the start of the study, and any differences in satisfaction at the end of the semester could be due to factors other than the classroom set-up (such as differences in the students themselves).

Quiz 5: Alternatives to Experimentation: Correlational and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Correlational Designs Researchers can use ____ to predict hyperactivity scores for children Diagnosed with attention deficit disorder if they know their daily consumption Of both refined sugar and artificial food coloring.

Quasi-Experimental Designs Researchers select values of ____ variables in ex post facto studies.

Causal Modeling All of these are quasi-experimental designs except

Causal Modeling In a cross-lagged panel design, researchers focus on the ____ to identify A possible causal path.

Correlational Designs Researchers can use ____ to predict the score on one behavior from Scores on two related behaviors.

Causal Modeling Researchers who use path analysis to model causal relationships achieve low Internal validity because

Causal Modeling A researcher creates models of possible causal relationships in

Quasi-Experimental Designs All of these describe an ex post facto study except

Causal Modeling A cross-lagged panel design can only suggest the possible direction of a Causal relationship between two behaviors because of

Causal Modeling Researchers use cross-lagged panel designs and path analysis, which are ____ procedures, in causal modeling.

Causal Modeling In ____ studies, experimenters systematically examine selected traits, Events, or behaviors, without actually manipulating them.

Quasi-Experimental Designs Which study would a researcher use to compare the birth weights of children Whose mothers chose to smoke or abstain from smoking during pregnancy?

Causal Modeling Batson and colleagues (2002) constructed a path analysis model for helping Using

Correlational Designs A beta weight reported in multiple regression analysis refers to the

Causal Modeling Which method creates causal models by measuring relationships over time?

Causal Modeling Researchers measured body mass index and collected exercise diaries from 250 college students during their freshman and senior years.They Calculated correlations between these variables and found that the largest Diagonal correlation was + .45.Which design did they use?

Quasi-Experimental Designs Ex post facto studies are generally in the degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions and in the degree of imposition of units.

Causal Modeling Researchers can use beta weights in ____ to construct possible causal Sequences for related behaviors.