Question 1

Karen's parents always tell her that she has "worked hard" when she succeeds,but that she "lacks ability" when she fails.What achievement orientation is stimulated by this pattern of parental feedback?

Accepted Answer

This pattern of parental feedback is likely to stimulate a learned helplessness achievement orientation in Karen, as she may feel that her successes are due to external factors like her hard work and that her failures are due to internal factors like her lack of ability. This can lead her to feel helpless and disempowered in the face of challenges or difficult tasks.

Question 2

According to Dweck,a child with a mastery orientation would most likely offer which of the following reasons for failure on a test?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Dweck,a child with a mastery...

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the incremental view of ability?

Accepted Answer

The incremental view of ability is the belief that one's ability can be improved through increased effort and practice. This view contrasts with the entity view, which holds that ability is fixed and unchangeable.

Question 4

Felix received a D on his most recent term paper,and he doesn't think his grade is fair.Although his paper was not as good as most of the other students' papers in the class,he feels he deserves a better grade because he worked hard.Based on this description,Felix's emphasis on his perceived effort reflects which view of ability?

Accepted Answer

Felix's emphasis on his perceived effort reflects the incremental view of ability, which suggests that abilities can be developed and improved through hard work and dedication.

Question 5

Unlike many of her classmates,Zoe is excited to take her compulsory statistics course.She views it as an opportunity to display her competency in mathematics and logical reasoning.Given this scenario,which type of achievement orientation does Zoe have?

Accepted Answer

Zoe's excitement and view of the course as an opportunity to display her competency suggest that she has a mastery orientation, which involves a focus on self-improvement and a desire to develop skills and knowledge.

Question 6

Leon is a Grade 6 teacher who assigns marks based on the quality of submissions,rather than the effort expended on the project.Leon's method of grading represents which view of ability?

Accepted Answer

Leon's method of grading based solely on the quality of the submissions, rather than the effort expended, suggests that he is taking an entity view of ability, which assumes that individuals have inherent abilities and that these abilities are relatively fixed and unchangeable.

Question 7

Suppose that you are invited to a friend's home and while you are socializing his son Jacob explores the living room.You notice that Jacob has found a small wooden box that he tries to open repeatedly.Jacob's father reaches down and unlatches the catch on the box,but Jacob begins to cry until he opens it for him.Which form of achievement motivation is exemplified by Jacob's behaviour?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose that you are invited to a...

Question 8

Which of the following teacher comments would be most likely to encourage a child to exert more effort on a task rather than to give up?

Accepted Answer

Choice B emphasizes the idea of giving more effort and time to the task, which can encourage the child to keep trying. The other choices either focus on the child's weakness or attribute success to luck, which can discourage the child from putting in more effort. Choice D does offer help, but it doesn't necessarily encourage the child to continue trying on their own.

Question 9

Athina is a Grade 1 teacher who praises the children more for their effort than for the actual quality of the work that they complete.Athina's method of grading represents which view of ability?

Accepted Answer

Athina's method of grading, which focuses on effort rather than quality of work, reflects the incremental view of ability. This view suggests that intelligence and abilities can be developed through effort and learning, as opposed to a fixed or innate view of ability. The other choices, learned helplessness, mastery, and entity, do not accurately describe Athina's approach to grading.

Question 10

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding preschoolers' awareness of the psychological characteristics of others?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that even preschoolers have some awareness of the psychological characteristics of others, although they may not always demonstrate that knowledge in all contexts. For example, they may be able to identify which characters in a story are feeling sad or happy, but they may not always be able to regulate their own behavior to accommodate the feelings of others.

Question 11

Suppose you want to teach a child with a "helpless" orientation to respond more constructively to his or her failures.If you base your technique on the findings of Dweck's research,which of the following should you employ?

Accepted Answer

According to Dweck's research, providing a child with moderate difficulty tasks and giving encouragement for both successes and failures can help them develop a growth orientation and learn from their mistakes. Providing easy tasks and tokens for success may reinforce a fixed mindset and not encourage the child to learn from their failures. Removing a token for failures may also reinforce a fixed mindset and discourage the child from taking risks or trying new things.

Question 12

In order to foster mastery orientation in a child,what should an adult emphasize in his or her feedback?

Accepted Answer

Emphasizing errors as in choice A and comparing to others as in choice C can foster a performance orientation, which focuses on external validation and competition. It is important to instead focus on strategies and effort when giving feedback to encourage a mastery orientation, which values learning and improvement. Identifying weaknesses as in choice D can also be counterproductive and demotivating. Therefore, choice B is the best option as it suggests that errors are natural and can be used to improve strategies, promoting a growth mindset and a focus on learning.

Question 13

Which of the following adult comments would most likely result in children persisting at a task even though they are making errors?

Accepted Answer

Comment B emphasizes the importance of improving despite making errors, which could motivate children to persist at the task to reach their goal of improvement. The other choices may create pressure or negative connotations that could discourage children from continuing the task.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the entity view of ability?

Accepted Answer

The entity view of ability is the belief that ability is mostly fixed and not influenced by effort or practice.

Question 15

Despite the fact that Vincenzo is not very good at the logical reasoning required in his philosophy class,he looks forward to each lecture because he is interested in the topic.He views this course as a way to improve his skills.Given this scenario,which type of achievement orientation does Vincenzo have?

Accepted Answer

Vincenzo's focus on learning and improving his skills aligns with the mastery orientation, which values development and improvement over just achieving high grades. It also indicates that he is motivated by intrinsic factors like personal interest and curiosity. The other options, such as learned strategic and relational, do not fit the scenario provided. Learned helplessness is also irrelevant as Vincenzo does not display a sense of hopelessness or lack of control over his situation.

Question 16

Dweck and associates had an adult respond to Grade 5 students' failures at an anagram task by either criticizing their low effort or their low ability on this task.How did these two different implied attributions affect the children's future attributions for their performance?

Accepted Answer

In the study conducted by Dweck and associates, the children who were criticized for their low effort on the anagram task improved and attributed future failures to lack of effort, which is associated with a mastery pattern of behavior. This suggests that feedback emphasizing effort rather than ability can lead to a growth mindset and a willingness to persist in the face of failure.

Question 17

Suppose you overheard the following piece of gossip: "Greg never gets a second date with any woman because he is totally clueless about others' thoughts,needs,or wants." Based on this description,what do others see Greg as being deficient in?

Accepted Answer

The description suggests that Greg lacks the ability to understand others' thoughts, needs, or wants, which falls under the concept of person perception - the ability to recognize and interpret other people's behaviors and characteristics.

Question 18

According to Dweck and associates,many teachers unwittingly foster a sense of learned helplessness through their feedback for a child's successes and failures.Which of the following patterns of attribution are these teachers most likely to use?

Accepted Answer

Teachers attributing success to high effort and failure to low ability can foster a sense of learned helplessness in children, as it suggests that their failures are due to unchangeable factors rather than something they can improve through effort.

Question 19

Raoul's mother wants to help him understand that failures are a part of learning and something that can be overcome.If she wants to motivate Raoul to succeed,which of the following should she tell him?

Accepted Answer

By telling Raoul that he tried a good strategy, his mother is focusing on the effort he put in rather than the outcome. This can motivate him to keep trying and experimenting with different strategies, even if he experiences failures along the way. The other options of telling him he is smart or that the work was easy or very difficult do not address the importance of effort and resilience when it comes to learning and overcoming failures.

Question 20

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the principle of learned helplessness?

Accepted Answer

The scenario in D best exemplifies the principle of learned helplessness because Natalie has experienced the door being locked and not opening several times in the past, leading her to give up trying to open it when it was not locked. This is a classic example of learned helplessness, where previous experiences of failure lead to a belief that one's efforts will always be futile, even when circumstances change. The other scenarios do not involve a repeated experience of failure leading to a lack of effort, which is the defining characteristic of learned helplessness.

Quiz 13: Development of the Self and Social Cognition