Question 1

What form of moral reasoning do people from collectivistic cultures show when they are evaluated with Kohlberg's dilemmas of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that individuals from collectivistic cultures tend to reason at the conventional level of moral reasoning, which emphasizes social norms and group cohesion. This is in contrast to individuals from individualistic cultures, who tend to reason at higher levels of moral reasoning, such as postconventional, which emphasizes individual rights and justice.

Question 2

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the effectiveness of using nonpunitive methods to promote behavioural self-control?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following best summarizes the...

Question 3

Which of the following best summarizes the results of Shweder and colleagues' cross-cultural research comparing age-related changes in moral development of children living in India and in the United States?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following best summarizes the...

Question 4

According to Gilligan's research,the definition of morality should be broadened to include which of the following concerns?

Accepted Answer

Gilligan's research suggests that morality should be broadened to include caring and interpersonal relationships, as she argued that women's moral development often revolves around these concerns. While intentions and justice are important factors in morality, they are not the primary focus of Gilligan's research. Emotional responses and rights are also important, but do not fully capture the essence of Gilligan's argument.

Question 5

Why has Hoffman's conclusion that rationale-based induction is the most effective disciplinary technique been criticized?

Accepted Answer

Hoffman's conclusion that rationale-based induction is the most effective disciplinary technique has been criticized because he was unable to establish a causal link between induction and morality. While Hoffman's research did show that children who were disciplined with reasoning and explanation showed greater moral reasoning development, it is impossible to establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship between these two variables. Additionally, other factors, such as the children's personalities and individual experiences, may have influenced the results of Hoffman's study.

Question 6

Salvadore grew up in a small rural village in Bolivia and Marty grew up in Vancouver,British Columbia.What would you to expect of these two individuals' moral behaviour as adults,based on the cross-cultural research of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's stages of moral development, individuals in nonindustrialized societies are less likely to reach postconventional moral reasoning because their societies do not emphasize principles of individual rights and justice as much as industrialized societies do. Therefore, based on this research, we can expect Salvadore to be less likely to display postconventional moral reasoning as an adult. Marty's geographic location is not relevant to his moral reasoning since Kohlberg's stages are based on universal moral principles and are not tied to specific cultural or regional contexts.

Question 7

Suppose that you ask a 7-year-old what form of discipline he thinks would have little impact on his future behaviour.According to Siegal and Cowen's research,what will he say?

Accepted Answer

According to Siegal and Cowen's research, permissive nonintervention is viewed by children as having little impact on their future behavior. This is because there are no clear consequences for their actions and they are not receiving any guidance or redirection. Physical punishment and withdrawal of affection are both viewed as having negative impacts on the child's future behavior, while inductive reasoning is viewed as having a positive impact through explaining the reasoning behind rules and consequences.

Question 8

According to Hoffman,which disciplinary strategy is most effective in promoting moral maturity?

Accepted Answer

According to Hoffman, moral reasoning develops when individuals understand the reasoning behind moral rules and guidelines. Rationales allow individuals to understand the logic behind moral rules and develop their own sense of moral judgment. Therefore, Hoffman suggests that using rational explanations is the most effective disciplinary strategy in promoting moral maturity.

Question 9

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the consistency of an individual's moral conduct across situations?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that individuals tend to be reasonably consistent in their moral conduct across similar contexts. However, there may be variations in behavior when individuals encounter dissimilar situations or face conflicting moral values. Therefore, option B is the best choice as it reflects the current state of research findings.

Question 10

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the relationship between formal-operational reasoning and morality?

Accepted Answer

Research has found that formal-operational reasoning is necessary for postconventional moral reasoning, which is the highest stage of moral development according to Kohlberg's theory. It is not necessary for conventional or preconventional moral reasoning.

Question 11

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the developmental time course of sympathy and prosocial concern?

Accepted Answer

Research findings suggest that sympathy and prosocial concern emerge early in development and become quite common by the end of the sensorimotor period (around age 2).

Question 12

Suppose that you are babysitting your friend's child Dionne.Dionne has snuck out of bed and is now watching late-night cartoons,which your friend has said he is not allowed to watch.Based on your knowledge of current research findings,what should you incorporate into your response in order to foster Dionne's ability to resist temptation in the future?

Accepted Answer

Explaining why the act is wrong will help Dionne understand the reasoning behind the rule and develop internal self-control, rather than simply avoiding the behavior out of fear of punishment. Additionally, research shows that punishment alone is not an effective long-term strategy for promoting self-control and moral reasoning in children.

Question 13

Which of the following examples best illustrates the meaning of the term altruism?

Accepted Answer

Altruism is the act of selflessly helping others without any expectation of personal gain or reward. Donating blood during a community blood drive is an example of altruism because it involves giving something (blood) to help others without any expectation of receiving anything in return. The other choices may involve some element of personal gain or benefit, such as earning a merit badge, caring for one's own pets or performing duties as part of one's job as a firefighter.

Question 14

According to Kohlberg,what form of moral reasoning predominates during adolescence and emerging adulthood?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Kohlberg,what form of moral reasoning...

Question 15

According to research evidence,which of the following techniques is most likely to foster resistance to temptation in the absence of external surveillance?

Accepted Answer

Rationales that explain why committing the forbidden act is wrong are most likely to foster internalization of values and self-regulation, leading to resistance to temptation even when no one is watching. This approach helps individuals understand the moral or ethical reasons behind rules, which can be more effective in guiding behavior than fear of punishment or negative consequences.

Question 16

Which of the following best summarizes the conclusions drawn from recent research regarding sex differences in altruism?

Accepted Answer

Recent research suggests that the direction of the sex difference in helping behaviour depends on the specific context, and cannot be generalized across all situations or ages. This means that neither option B, C, nor D accurately reflects the current understanding of sex differences in altruism.

Question 17

Zahn-Waxler and associates found that mothers of compassionate toddlers were more likely to respond to their child's aggressive acts with which type of statements?

Accepted Answer

Zahn-Waxler and associates found that mothers of compassionate toddlers were more likely to respond to their child's aggressive acts with statements that emphasized the impact of the child's actions on others, such as "You made Doug cry; your biting hurt him." This type of response helps children develop empathy and understand the effects of their behavior on others. The other options (A, C, and D) either focus solely on stopping the behavior without addressing the impact on others or use shaming language that can be harmful to a child's emotional development.

Question 18

A father speaks closely to his son in a restaurant,"Dennis,I'm going to tell you all the reasons it is wrong to throw food in a place like this." What type of moral explanation is the father using?

Accepted Answer

The father is giving a rational explanation for why throwing food is wrong, indicating the use of cognitive rationale.

Question 19

Whereas some prosocial responses can be observed in children as young as 2 to 3 years of age,others are seldom observed until the elementary-school years.What two responses are characteristic of this latter stage of development?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that sharing and helping behaviors are more commonly observed in elementary-school-aged children compared to younger children. Sympathy and compassion can be present in younger children, but are not necessarily markers of a specific developmental stage.

Question 20

Under which of the following circumstances would a person be less likely to attain Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory suggests that exposure to different cultural and societal norms can affect the development of moral reasoning. Individuals from underdeveloped countries may not have access to the same education or exposure to diverse perspectives and may not develop postconventional moral reasoning.

Quiz 15: Moral Development,altruism,and Aggression