Question 1

Pavlov's contribution to behaviorism lies in his discovery of

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's discovery of the conditioned response demonstrated the importance of environmental stimuli in shaping behavior and laid the foundation for behaviorism as a scientific approach to psychology.

Question 2

A learned reaction to a particular stimulus is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A learned reaction to a particular stimulus is a conditioned response. This is a learned behavior that is associated with a specific stimulus. It is typically produced after a consistent pairing of the stimulus and a specific response. The process of conditioning was first researched and described by Ivan Pavlov, who famously conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell.

Question 3

Watson realized that he could study the behavior of animals even though he could not ask animals questions by simply observed the relationship between any stimuli and an animal's response with the term response being defined as any​

Accepted Answer

The term "response" is defined as any muscular action, glandular activity, or other identifiable aspect of behavior. Watson realized that by observing an animal's response to stimuli, he could study its behavior without asking the animal any questions.

Question 4

The ideas of which psychologist were most similar to those of Charles Darwin?

Accepted Answer

William James's ideas were most similar to Charles Darwin's. James was heavily influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution, and his own work in psychology reflected this influence through his emphasis on natural selection and adaptation as important factors in human behavior and thought processes.

Question 5

William James regarded consciousness as

Accepted Answer

William James believed that consciousness is not a fixed object, but rather an ever-changing flow of images and sensations. He referred to this flow as the "stream of consciousness."

Question 6

Who was the American scholar, who broadened psychology to include animal behavior, religious experience, and abnormal behavior and helped to establish psychology as a separate discipline with his first book, Principles of Psychology?

Accepted Answer

William James was the American scholar who broadened psychology to include animal behavior, religious experience, and abnormal behavior and helped to establish psychology as a separate discipline with his first book, Principles of Psychology.

Question 7

The functionalists primarily followed the principles of

Accepted Answer

Functionalism in sociology was heavily influenced by the principles of biology, especially the idea of natural selection. Functionalists believed that society functioned like a biological organism, with different parts (or social institutions) working together to maintain balance and stability. This was in contrast to the perspectives of economics, physics, or chemistry, which were not as central to functionalist theory.

Question 8

The functionalists were interested in how thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and habits help people and animals

Accepted Answer

Functionalists believed that behavior and mental processes serve a purpose, particularly in helping individuals adapt to their environment.

Question 9

Functionalism promoted the study of people at work, which is called __________ psychology.

Accepted Answer

Industrial/organizational psychology focuses on understanding and improving human behavior in the workplace, which is the same focus as functionalism. Forensic psychology deals with legal issues and the criminal justice system, comparative psychology examines the behavior of different animal species, and humanistic psychology emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization.

Question 10

According to John B.Watson, introspection was

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson believed that introspection was unscientific and unreliable as a method for studying conscious experience. He rejected the idea of studying mental processes and instead focused on observable behavior, which formed the foundation of behaviorism.

Question 11

Which psychologist realized that he could study the overt behavior of animals by simply observing the relationship between stimuli and an animal's responses?

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson developed behaviorism, a school of thought emphasizing the study of observable behaviors and the relationship between stimuli and responses. He believed that psychology should focus on studying behavior that is objectively observable, rather than subjective experiences like thoughts and emotions.

Question 12

Learning makes us more adaptable, so the functionalists tried to find ways to improve education and promoted the study of learning, teaching, classroom dynamics, and related topics called __________ psychology.

Accepted Answer

Educational psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on how people learn and how to improve teaching methods. It is relevant for understanding classroom dynamics, teaching techniques and student motivation, and therefore fits with the functionalist belief in adapting to changing environments.

Question 13

Which school of thought brought the study of animals to psychology and also promoted educational psychology and industrial/organizational psychology?

Accepted Answer

Functionalism, led by psychologists such as William James, promoted the study of animals to understand human behavior and also advocated for the development of educational psychology and industrial/organizational psychology. Structuralism, on the other hand, focused on breaking down mental experiences into their basic components, while humanistic and Gestalt psychology emerged later as alternative perspectives.

Question 14

William James founded the school of thought in psychology known as

Accepted Answer

William James founded the school of thought known as functionalism, which focused on the adaptive functions of behavior and mental processes.

Question 15

Which psychologist said, "Give me a dozen healthy infants ...and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select ..."?

Accepted Answer

The quote is from John Watson, the father of behaviorism, who believed that behavior was learned through conditioning and rejected the idea of innate traits or qualities. This quote emphasizes his belief in the importance of environmental factors and the potential for behavior to be shaped through conditioning.

Question 16

Which school of thought in psychology emphasizes the study of overt, observable behavior?

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism is the school of thought in psychology that emphasizes the study of overt, observable behavior. It focuses on the relationship between stimuli and responses, and how behavior is shaped through conditioning. Gestalt psychology, on the other hand, focuses on the ways in which we perceive and organize sensory information. Structuralism is concerned with analyzing the basic elements of conscious experience, while functionalism is interested in how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment.

Question 17

Regarding structuralists and their research, which of the following statements is FALSE?​

Accepted Answer

The statement that the structuralists were able to settle any intersubjective differences in their perceptions through the use of systematic observations is false. In fact, there were often disagreements and inconsistencies in their introspective reports, and there was no systematic way to resolve these differences.

Question 18

The concept of natural selection was adapted to the study of human behavior by the followers of which school of thought in psychology?

Accepted Answer

The concept of natural selection was adapted to the study of human behavior by the followers of functionalism, which emphasizes the study of the function of behavior in helping individuals adapt to their environment.

Question 19

To explain most behavior, John B.Watson adopted the concept of conditioning developed by

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson adopted the concept of conditioning developed by Ivan Pavlov, which involves the process of learning through the association between a stimulus and a response. Watson believed that behavior is shaped by environmental factors rather than genetics or internal thoughts and feelings.

Question 20

The American scholar known as the founder of functionalism was

Accepted Answer

William James is widely considered the founder of functionalism, a psychological approach that focuses on the purpose and function of mental processes and behavior. While B.F. Skinner, Carl Rogers, and Erik Erikson were all influential psychologists in their own right, they are not typically associated with the development of functionalism.

Quiz 1: Psychology, Critical Thinking, and Science