Question 1

Jake was in a car accident and is currently in a state of total unresponsiveness.His eyes are closed, and he does not react to pain.Jake is exhibiting which disorder of consciousness?
A) the ​locked-in syndrome
B) ​a persistent vegetative state
C) ​a coma
D) ​depersonalization

Accepted Answer

Jake is exhibiting a coma, which is characterized by a state of total unresponsiveness, closed eyes, and lack of reaction to pain.

Question 2

After suffering a stroke, Gayle is in a longer-term waking state in which she exhibits no signs of awareness​.Gayle is exhibiting which disorder of consciousness?
A) ​a coma
B) ​a persistent vegetative state
C) ​locked-in syndrome
D) the ​state of being brain dead

Accepted Answer

A persistent vegetative state is a condition where a patient's brainstem is working but there is no sign of awareness or cognitive function. It is often a result of severe brain damage, such as after a stroke or traumatic brain injury, and can continue for an extended period. This differs from a coma (A), where the patient is unconscious and unresponsive, but may eventually regain consciousness. Locked-in syndrome (C) is a rare condition in which a patient is fully conscious but unable to move or communicate due to paralysis, usually caused by brainstem damage. Being brain dead (D) refers to a situation where there is no brain function, including brainstem function, and the individual is considered legally dead. Gayle's condition, therefore, is best described as a persistent vegetative state.

Question 3

We cannot know the subjective experience of
A) lower animals, like bats or cats.
B) primates other than humans.
C) other humans.
D) any of these organisms.

Accepted Answer

Subjective experience refers to individual perception and interpretation of sensations, emotions, and thoughts, which cannot be directly observed or objectively measured. Since we cannot communicate with other organisms on a deep level, we cannot know their subjective experience. Even though we can study their behavior, brain responses, and other physiological measures, we cannot fully understand their mental and emotional states. Therefore, choice D is the best answer.

Question 4

When a person is in a state of clear, organized alertness and perceives times, places, and events as real and can respond to external stimuli, he or she is said to be
A) in waking consciousness.
B) experiencing a state similar to non-REM.
C) experiencing sensory overload.
D) in an altered state of consciousness.

Accepted Answer

Waking consciousness refers to the state of consciousness when a person is alert, organized, and can perceive external stimuli and respond to them.

Question 5

The difficulty of knowing other minds is why the early behaviorists replaced which of the following with more objective measures?
A) introspection
B) stimulus control
C) conditioning
D) response chaining

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists believed that introspection, or attempting to understand someone else's internal mental processes, was not a valid or reliable form of measurement. They believed that it was better to focus on observable behaviors and their relationship with external stimuli and conditioning. Therefore, they replaced introspection with more objective measures.

Question 6

We spend most of our lives in a state of consciousness that is organized, meaningful, and clear and is referred to as
A) a state of ASCs.
B) waking consciousness.
C) an altered state of consciousness.
D) microsleeps.

Accepted Answer

Waking consciousness is the term used to describe the state of consciousness that we spend most of our lives in, where our thoughts, perceptions, and experiences are organized, meaningful, and clear. Option A (state of ASCs) is incorrect because ASCs refer to any state of consciousness that is different from our normal waking consciousness, such as sleep or hypnosis. Option C (an altered state of consciousness) is also incorrect because it refers to any state of consciousness that deviates from our normal waking consciousness, whether intentional or unintentional. Option D (microsleeps) refers to brief episodes of sleep that occur during periods of wakefulness and are therefore not a consistent state of consciousness.

Question 7

Consciousness consists of all of the following EXCEPT
A) sensations and perceptions.
B) altered states (ASCs).
C) memories and feelings.
D) artificial intelligence (AI).

Accepted Answer

Consciousness refers to the subjective experience of sensations, perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings. While AI may simulate some aspects of human cognition, it does not possess consciousness.

Question 8

Your mental awareness of sensations and perceptions of external events as well as your self-awareness of internal events including thoughts, memories, and feelings about experiences and the self are referred to collectively as your
A) mindfulness.
B) personality.
C) consciousness.
D) objective experiences.

Accepted Answer

Consciousness refers to both external events and internal experiences, including thoughts, memories, and feelings about oneself and the world around them. This encompasses both mental awareness of sensations and perceptions and self-awareness. Mindfulness is a specific type of consciousness that involves focused attention and nonjudgmental awareness of present experiences. Personality refers to enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that shape the way individuals interact with the world, rather than immediate experiences of consciousness. Objective experiences may be a term used to describe external events, but it does not capture the internal processes of consciousness.

Question 9

In one PET scan study, normal individuals and patients in a persistent vegetative state were administered a mildly painful stimulus.Findings from this study included which of the following?
A) ​Normal individuals consciously reported feeling pain, while vegetative patients did not.
B) ​PET scans revealed brain activity in the midbrain, thalamus, and somatosensory cortex of both normal individuals and vegetative patients.
C) ​Only the normal individuals in this study showed activity in frontal cortical regions, while the patients in a vegetative state did not.
D) ​All of these were findings of this study.

Accepted Answer

The study findings include that normal individuals consciously reported feeling pain while vegetative patients did not, PET scans revealed brain activity in the midbrain, thalamus, and somatosensory cortex of both groups, and only the normal individuals showed activity in frontal cortical regions, indicating that all of these were findings from the study.

Question 10

Which of the following brain imaging methods promise to improve the diagnosis of disorders of consciousness, while also shedding light on consciousness itself​?
A) ​ablation and microelectrode
B) ​CT scan and ESB
C) ​PET and fMRI
D) ECT and TMS

Accepted Answer

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) are non-invasive brain imaging techniques that can help in improving the diagnosis of disorders of consciousness such as coma, vegetative state, and minimally conscious state. These techniques can also provide insights into the neural basis of conscious experiences. Ablation and microelectrode are invasive techniques that involve destroying or disabling part of the brain and implanting electrodes respectively. CT scan (Computed Tomography) and ESB (Electrical Stimulation of the Brain) are also imaging techniques, but they have limited sensitivity and specificity for consciousness-related changes in brain activity. ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) and TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) are therapeutic interventions that are not primarily used for brain imaging purposes.

Question 11

Because the mind and consciousness are basically subjective phenomena, the key challenge of understanding the brain and behavior involves the use of __________ studies.
A) intuitive
B) subjective
C) objective
D) parapsychology

Accepted Answer

Objective studies involve the use of empirical and measurable methods, such as neuroimaging techniques, to gather data about the brain and behavior. Because these methods are not based on personal beliefs or opinions, they provide a more reliable and replicable way of understanding the complexities of the brain and consciousness.

Question 12

The difficulty of knowing other minds is why the technique of introspection was replaced with more objective measures by the early
A) psychoanalysts.
B) behaviorists.
C) humanists.
D) structuralists.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists rejected the use of introspection as a subjective and unreliable method of understanding the mind. Instead, they focused on observable behaviors and objective measures to explain human behavior.

Question 13

Eric is a hiker who is experiencing a profound moment at the Grand Canyon.When he first looked over the rim, he was "blown away" by deep feelings of insignificance and awe.In that instant, he was also fully aware that he was experiencing a deeply moving moment based on
A) the manifest content of his awareness.
B) the experiences of the hidden observer within his mind.
C) his introspective experience.
D) his objective experience.

Accepted Answer

Eric is experiencing a moment of introspective awareness as he becomes aware of his own emotions and thoughts in response to the Grand Canyon.

Question 14

In one study, normal individuals and patients in a persistent vegetative state were administered a mildly painful stimulus.Only the normal individuals in this study showed activity in which area of the brain on the PET scan?
A) ​midbrain
B) ​thalamus
C) ​somatosensory cortex
D) ​frontal cortical regions

Accepted Answer

The answer of In one study, normal individuals and patients...

Question 15

In one PET scan study, normal individuals and patients in a persistent vegetative state were administered a mildly painful stimulus.The findings of this study revealed that
A) ​the normal individuals consciously reported feeling pain, while the vegetative patients did not.
B) only the normal individuals showed brain activity in the midbrain, thalamus, and somatosensory cortex, while the vegetative patients showed none of this activity on the PET scans.
C) ​both normal and vegetative patientsshowed activity in their frontal cortical regions on the PET scans.
D) all of these occurred.

Accepted Answer

Normal individuals have the ability to consciously report their experiences, including pain, due to the functioning of their brain's communication pathways. Patients in a persistent vegetative state, however, lack this capacity because their higher brain functions are severely impaired, even though some basic brain functions might still be active.

Question 16

To be conscious means
A) that one is awake.
B) that one is aware.
C) that one is completely alert.
D) none of these.

Accepted Answer

Consciousness refers to the state of being aware of one's surroundings, thoughts, and emotions. It includes both wakefulness and alertness, but it also encompasses a sense of attention and perception. Therefore, option B is the best choice.

Question 17

Regarding the subjective experience of consciousness, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) We can learn a lot about humans and other animals through objective studies.
B) We cannot answer questions about what is going on in the minds of other humans or animals by using our own subjective perspective.
C) Our subjective experience offers no insight into how our brain gives rise to consciousness or why we are conscious in the first place.
D) The difficulty of knowing other minds is why introspection replaced behaviorism early in psychology's history.

Accepted Answer

The statement about introspection replacing behaviorism early in psychology's history is false. In fact, behaviorism emerged as a reaction against introspective methods, emphasizing observable behaviors over introspective reports of mental states. Behaviorism dominated psychology for several decades in the early 20th century before the cognitive revolution brought attention back to internal mental processes.

Question 18

Which of the following consists of all the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of at any instant?
A) alertness
B) personality
C) consciousness
D) intelligence

Accepted Answer

Consciousness refers to the awareness of one's surroundings, thoughts, and emotions at a given moment. The other options, alertness, personality, and intelligence, do not encompass all of these aspects of awareness.

Question 19

Along-term lack of consciousness and responsiveness is most accurately referred to as
A) ​disorientation.
B) ​a disorder of consciousness.
C) ​an altered state of consciousness.
D) ​depersonalization.

Accepted Answer

A long-term lack of consciousness and responsiveness is referred to as a disorder of consciousness, which includes conditions such as coma, persistent vegetative state, and minimally conscious state. Disorientation, altered state of consciousness, and depersonalization do not specifically indicate a lack of consciousness and responsiveness.

Question 20

A person with a damaged brain stem who is fully aware but almost totally unresponsive is exhibiting which disorder of consciousness?​
A) ​a coma
B) ​a persistent vegetative state
C) ​locked-in syndrome
D) ​depersonalization

Accepted Answer

Locked-in syndrome is characterized by full awareness but almost total paralysis, leaving individuals conscious but unable to respond, typically due to damage to the brain stem.

Quiz 5: States of Consciousness.

Jake was in a car accident and is currently in a state of total unresponsiveness.His eyes are closed, and he does not react to pain.Jake is exhibiting which disorder of consciousness?

After suffering a stroke, Gayle is in a longer-term waking state in which she exhibits no signs of awareness.Gayle is exhibiting which disorder of consciousness?

We cannot know the subjective experience of

When a person is in a state of clear, organized alertness and perceives times, places, and events as real and can respond to external stimuli, he or she is said to be

The difficulty of knowing other minds is why the early behaviorists replaced which of the following with more objective measures?

We spend most of our lives in a state of consciousness that is organized, meaningful, and clear and is referred to as

Consciousness consists of all of the following EXCEPT

Your mental awareness of sensations and perceptions of external events as well as your self-awareness of internal events including thoughts, memories, and feelings about experiences and the self are referred to collectively as your

In one PET scan study, normal individuals and patients in a persistent vegetative state were administered a mildly painful stimulus.Findings from this study included which of the following?

Which of the following brain imaging methods promise to improve the diagnosis of disorders of consciousness, while also shedding light on consciousness itself?

Because the mind and consciousness are basically subjective phenomena, the key challenge of understanding the brain and behavior involves the use of __________ studies.

The difficulty of knowing other minds is why the technique of introspection was replaced with more objective measures by the early

Eric is a hiker who is experiencing a profound moment at the Grand Canyon.When he first looked over the rim, he was "blown away" by deep feelings of insignificance and awe.In that instant, he was also fully aware that he was experiencing a deeply moving moment based on

In one study, normal individuals and patients in a persistent vegetative state were administered a mildly painful stimulus.Only the normal individuals in this study showed activity in which area of the brain on the PET scan?

In one PET scan study, normal individuals and patients in a persistent vegetative state were administered a mildly painful stimulus.The findings of this study revealed that

To be conscious means

Regarding the subjective experience of consciousness, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Which of the following consists of all the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of at any instant?

Along-term lack of consciousness and responsiveness is most accurately referred to as

A person with a damaged brain stem who is fully aware but almost totally unresponsive is exhibiting which disorder of consciousness?