Question 1

Isabel Briggs Myers and Katherine Cook Briggs were influenced by Carl Jung's theory of personality developmentand his proposal that people could be categorized in discrete personality types.

Accepted Answer

Isabel Briggs Myers and Katherine Cook Briggs developed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) based on Carl Jung's theory of personality types.

Question 2

According to Table 11.5, Karen Horney was the person whostressed the importance of parent-child relationships in the development of personality and described three patterns of behavior that individuals use to defend against basic anxiety.

Accepted Answer

This statement is correct according to Table 11.5, which identifies Karen Horney as the person who emphasized the role of parent-child relationships in personality development and identified three defense mechanisms used against basic anxiety.

Question 3

Brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have found that extraversion is associated with greater volume inthe fusiform gyrus, an area of the cortex specialized for perceiving faces.

Accepted Answer

Extraversion is typically associated with greater volume in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, not the fusiform gyrus. The fusiform gyrus is more related to face perception, not directly linked to extraversion.

Question 4

The mid-cingulate cortex, which is believed to be associated with pain sensitivity, has been found to be larger in individuals with higher levels of neuroticism.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that individuals with higher levels of neuroticism have a larger mid-cingulate cortex, which is believed to be associated with pain sensitivity.

Question 5

Brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have found that extraversion is associated with larger brain tissue volume in the medial or bitofrontal cortex, a brain region thatis associated with sensitivity to rewarding stimuli.

Accepted Answer

Brain imaging studies have indeed found a positive correlation between extraversion and larger brain tissue volume in the medial or bitofrontal cortex, which is associated with sensitivity to rewarding stimuli.

Question 6

People who score high on neuroticism show higher levels of brain activation in response to negative images than people who score low on neuroticism.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that individuals who score high on neuroticism exhibit greater brain activity in areas associated with emotional processing, such as the amygdala, when exposed to negative stimuli, compared to individuals who score low on neuroticism.

Question 7

Certain personality traits have been called emergenic traits because they appear (or emerge) only out of a unique configuration of many interacting genes.

Accepted Answer

Certain personality traits, such as intelligence and creativity, have been identified as emergenic traits that arise from the interaction of multiple genes. These traits cannot be predicted by looking at individual genes alone, but only emerge when certain combinations of genes are present.

Question 8

Although emergenic traits are genetically influenced, these traits do not run in families.

Accepted Answer

Emergenic traits arise from the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors, and therefore, do not follow the typical patterns of inheritance seen with single gene traits that run in families.

Question 9

The trait approach to personality has provided important insights into basic human motives and the role of the unconscious in personality and mental processes.

Accepted Answer

The trait approach to personality focuses on identifying and measuring individual personality characteristics, not on unconscious motives or processes.

Question 10

One criticism of trait theories is that they label general predispositions to behave in a certain way, but they do notreally explain how individual differences develop.

Accepted Answer

Trait theories focus on identifying and labeling traits, but they do not offer a comprehensive explanation for how these traits develop in individuals.

Question 11

Higher levels of neuroticism have been associated with reduced volume in one area of the hippocampus, a finding thathas also been found in stress and depression.

Accepted Answer

Studies have found a correlation between higher levels of neuroticism and reduced volume in the hippocampus, which is also seen in stress and depression.

Question 12

Brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have found that conscientiousness is associated with a large region of the frontal cortex called the middle frontal gyrus, which is known to be involved in planning, working memory, and self-regulation.

Accepted Answer

Several studies have found a positive association between conscientiousness and the middle frontal gyrus, which is involved in executive functions such as planning, working memory, and self-regulation.

Question 13

If "friendliness" were a genetically influenced trait, identical twins would be more likely to be similar on the trait of friendliness than fraternal twins would be.

Accepted Answer

Identical twins share 100% of their genes, while fraternal twins share only about 50% of their genes on average. Therefore, if a trait is genetically influenced, identical twins are more likely to be similar on that trait than fraternal twins.

Question 14

According to Table 11.5, Carl Rogers proposed the idea of the self-concept, psychological growth, free will, and the inherent goodness of humans.

Accepted Answer

Table 11.5 in psychology textbooks typically includes these key ideas proposed by Carl Rogers.

Question 15

Brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits havefound that agreeableness is associated with increased volumein the posterior cingulate cortex, a brain region associated with understanding the beliefs of others.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Research has shown that agreeableness is associated with increased volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.

Question 16

By studying identical twins reared apart, psychologists have identified the location of the specific genes that determineseveral personality traits.

Accepted Answer

Psychologists have not identified specific genes for personality traits; rather, personality is influenced by a complex interplay of multiple genes and environmental factors.

Question 17

According to Table 11.5, Carl Jung proposed the idea of the collective unconscious, archetypes, and psychological wholeness.

Accepted Answer

Table 11.5 lists Carl Jung as proposing these ideas.

Question 18

In contrast to the other four traits, brain imaging studies ofthe Big Five personality traits have found no significant pattern of brain differences associated with neuroticism.

Accepted Answer

Brain imaging studies have found some significant patterns of brain differences associated with neuroticism, such as increased amygdala activation and decreased cortical thickness in certain areas of the brain.

Question 19

The pattern of brain structure differences found in brainimaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have led researchers to conclude that extraversion is related tostructural differences in brain systems related to sensitivity to threat and punishment.

Accepted Answer

Extraversion is typically associated with brain systems related to reward and positive emotions, not sensitivity to threat and punishment.

Question 20

Behavioral genetics research has confirmed that both geneticand environmental influences play an important role in the development of personality.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral genetics research has consistently shown that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of personality traits. While genetic factors may determine a baseline predisposition for certain traits, environmental factors such as upbringing, family dynamics, and life experiences can also shape personality development.

Quiz 11: Social Psychology