Question 1

A study by Brasson et al (2012) indicated that the brains, bodies, and behaviors of adults diagnosed with _____ were more like those of younger adults; they did not age in the appropriate way.

Accepted Answer

Late-life depression is associated with accelerated aging, which means that the brains, bodies, and behaviors of adults diagnosed with late-life depression are more like those of younger adults; they do not age in the appropriate way.

Question 2

_____ theories claim that social forces limit individual choice and direct life, especially in late adulthood.

Accepted Answer

Stratification theories argue that certain social factors, such as income, education, and occupation, constrain individual choices and opportunities, particularly in later life. These factors can determine an individual's access to resources and ability to participate in society, which can impact their overall well-being and life outcomes.

Question 3

Martha has accumulated such large piles of old papers and magazines that she can no longer use her table or desk, and she has held on to so much old furniture and clothing that many rooms in her home cannot be entered. In her attempts to hang on to various material items from her life, Martha developed:

Accepted Answer

Martha's behavior suggests that she has developed compulsive hoarding. This is a condition characterized by excessive acquisition of possessions, difficulty discarding items, and extreme clutter and disorganization in living spaces. It can have negative impacts on daily functioning and can often require professional intervention to address.

Question 4

Erikson called the final crisis of development:

Accepted Answer

Erikson called the final crisis of development integrity versus despair, which occurs in late adulthood. During this stage, individuals reflect on their lives and contemplate whether they have lived a meaningful and fulfilling life. If they feel a sense of accomplishment, wisdom, and satisfaction, they will develop a sense of integrity. If they feel regret, disappointment, or despair, they will develop a sense of despair.

Question 5

Self theories emphasize:

Accepted Answer

Self theories emphasize individuals' perceptions and beliefs about themselves and how those perceptions guide their behavior and experiences. They focus on internal factors rather than external factors such as social forces, discrimination, or opportunities.

Question 6

Theories that describe the ways in which societies place people on a particular life path are called:

Accepted Answer

Stratification theories describe the ways in which societies place people on a particular life path based on factors such as social class, race, and gender. Self theories describe how individuals perceive and make sense of their own aging process. Continuity theories acknowledge the importance of consistent patterns and behaviors throughout the lifespan, while activity theories emphasize the importance of remaining active and engaged in later life.

Question 7

According to Erikson, each new experience throughout life requires:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Erikson, each new experience throughout...

Question 8

Which of the following statements about selective optimization with compensation is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Selective optimization with compensation is a model for successful aging that involves choosing to focus on specific goals, optimizing performance in those areas, and compensating for any limitations or losses in other areas. This means that older adults are able to decide how to accomplish something despite their limitations, making choice A the correct statement.

Question 9

Marge was asked to select a cherished object from her life. She chose a small tarnished picture frame with a photo of her with her mother, taken when she was a girl. Her selection demonstrates her attempt to:

Accepted Answer

Marge's selection of the picture frame with a photo of her with her mother shows that she is attempting to hold on to her identity and the memories of her relationship with her mother. The fact that the frame is tarnished suggests that it has been through a lot, but it's still valuable to her. This choice is also supported by the fact that she chose a photo of herself as a girl, which highlights the importance of preserving memories of her past.

Question 10

According to Erikson, integrity versus despair is the focus of:

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development suggests that in late adulthood (ages 65 and over), individuals face the task of achieving a sense of integrity versus despair. This involves reflecting on one's life and coming to terms with the successes and failures, as well as accepting the inevitability of death. Those who successfully navigate this stage feel a sense of wisdom, closure, and acceptance, while those who do not may experience feelings of regret and despair.

Question 11

The most controversial version of social stratification theory is _____, in part because it can be used to justify ageism and social isolation.

Accepted Answer

The disengagement theory of social stratification suggests that as people age, they naturally withdraw from society and social roles. This theory is controversial because it can be used to justify ageism and social isolation, and because it assumes that withdrawal from society is inevitable and universal for all older adults, rather than being influenced by social and cultural factors. Compensation theory suggests that as people age and face limitations, they find ways to compensate for those limitations by adapting and developing other strengths. Optimization theory suggests that people can continue to develop and improve their skills and abilities with age through intentional effort and practice. Activity theory suggests that older adults can continue to lead active and engaged lives by participating in meaningful social roles and activities.

Question 12

As he ages, a professional musician begins to limit his repertoire, to practice more before concerts, and to change the way he sits when he plays. He is:

Accepted Answer

The musician is adapting to the changes that come with aging by using the strategy of selective optimization with compensation. This involves selecting a smaller range of activities or goals (limiting his repertoire), optimizing performance in those areas through increased practice, and compensating for any decline in other areas (changing the way he sits when he plays) to continue functioning at a high level. This is a normal and adaptive response to the aging process.

Question 13

Yvette looks back at her life with pride, even though some aspects of her personal history include errors on her part. Yvette is in the stage that Erikson called:

Accepted Answer

Yvette's sense of pride and reflection on her life suggests that she has achieved a sense of integrity, which is the final stage in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. In this stage, individuals reflect on their life and feel a sense of satisfaction with what they have accomplished, even with the recognition of any past mistakes or regrets.

Question 14

The antithesis of disengagement theory is _____ theory.

Accepted Answer

The antithesis of disengagement theory, which posits that older adults naturally withdraw from social and productive roles as they age, is activity theory. Activity theory maintains that older adults want and need to remain socially and physically active throughout their lives, and that successful aging is characterized by continued involvement in meaningful activities.

Question 15

A man who is almost 65 years old develops a passive style of interaction and withdraws from his connections with younger people. Which theory says this behavior is a natural part of aging?

Accepted Answer

The behavior described is consistent with the disengagement theory, which suggests that it is natural for older adults to withdraw from social connections as they age. This theory proposes that it is a mutually beneficial process in which older adults prepare to withdraw from society while younger generations take on more active roles.

Question 16

Lloyd has retired from his career as a city administrator, disengaging from his work life. In a case like this, disengagement one area of life:

Accepted Answer

Disengagement in one area of life does not necessarily mean disengagement in all other areas of life. It is possible for individuals to still remain engaged in other areas, such as social and leisure activities, even after they retire from their careers.

Question 17

Age, gender, ethnicity, and income are the four major categories of _____; as such, they can limit choice at every stage of life.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Age, gender, ethnicity, and income are the...

Question 18

The view that elderly people need to remain active in a variety of social spheres is called:

Accepted Answer

The statement describes the activity theory of aging, which posits that older adults need to remain active and engaged in various social and productive activities to maintain their well-being and satisfaction in life. The other options (A, B, D) do not accurately describe this perspective. Stratification theories are concerned with social inequality and its impact on aging, the positivity effect refers to a bias towards positive emotions in older adults, and disengagement theory proposes that older adults withdraw from societal roles and activities in preparation for death.

Question 19

In older adults, a positive world view:

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that older adults with a positive world view tend to have a greater sense of meaning and purpose in life, which is associated with increased well-being.

Question 20

The idea that opportunities and roles are determined based on age is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

The idea that opportunities and roles are determined based on age is known as stratification by age. This concept suggests that society has a specific structure based on age, and that certain roles and opportunities are available only to individuals of a certain age or age group.

Quiz 15: Late Adulthood: Psychosocial Development