Question 1

You have just had your first child. You feel like a horrible parent because you try everything to help your infant, but nothing seems to be what he wants. He cries a lot and does not adapt well to new situations. You remember from when you took your developmental course that your child might be ____.

Accepted Answer

A difficult baby is often fussy and has difficulty adapting to new situations. It is normal to feel like a bad parent when dealing with a fussy infant, but it is important to remember that every child is different and parenting can be challenging. Seeking support from professionals or other parents can be helpful.

Question 2

A 5-year-old English child is given chopsticks when he sits down for dinner at a Chinese restaurant while on vacation. She proceeds to hit them at the table and wants to take them home to use with her drum set. How would Piaget explain this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 5-year-old English child is given chopsticks...

Question 3

____ is comprised of personal attributes such as irritability, soothability, emotional reactivity and sociability.

Accepted Answer

The traits mentioned such as irritability, soothability, emotional reactivity and sociability are all associated with temperament. Temperament refers to a person's innate characteristics and tendencies that shape their behavior and personality.

Question 4

What was the concept that Thomas and Chess proposed in 1956?

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess proposed the concept of "temperament" in 1956, which refers to the biologically based individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation that tend to remain stable across time and across situations.

Question 5

If an infant is described as having a low activity level, reacts negatively to new situations and has few positive or negative emotions, he or she may be categorised as having what type of temperament?

Accepted Answer

A slow-to-warm-up temperament is characterized by low activity levels, negative reactions to new situations, and few intense emotions, both positive and negative.

Question 6

What does the text refer to as the biologically based raw material of personality?

Accepted Answer

Temperament is often referred to as the biologically based raw material of personality, as it encompasses the innate traits that influence how individuals react to the world.

Question 7

Which of the following are Thomas and Chess's (1956) categories of temperament?

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess's (1956) categories of temperament are easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.

Question 8

Your neighbour tells you that she is going to buy her child the 'Baby Einstein' videos, saying, 'even though they are really expensive, they are worth it.' She asks you what you think. Provide a response based on research evidence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your neighbour tells you that she is...

Question 9

How have researchers tested memory in nonverbal infants?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How have researchers tested memory in nonverbal...

Question 10

In Thomas and Chess's (1956) original study, most infants were categorised as having a temperament of ____.

Accepted Answer

In Thomas and Chess's original study, most infants were categorised as having an easy temperament, which means they had generally positive moods, adapted easily to new experiences, and established routines easily.

Question 11

What percentage of babies did Thomas and Chess find met their definition of 'slow-to-warm-up' babies?

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess found that 15% of babies met their definition of "slow-to-warm-up" babies in their temperament research.

Question 12

How do researchers determine whether babies can tell the difference between two stimuli, given that their young subjects are not able to tell them?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How do researchers determine whether babies can...

Question 13

Miriam has a regular sleep-and-eat pattern, is generally in a positive mood and adapts well to new situations. According to Thomas and Chess, what is her temperament style?

Accepted Answer

Miriam's regular sleep-and-eat pattern, positive mood, and adaptability to new situations are all characteristics of an "easy" temperament style according to Thomas and Chess.

Question 14

Thomas and Chess (1956) assessed infants on which of the following qualities, among others, to create their categories of temperament?

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess assessed infants on activity level, adaptability, intensity of reaction, and quality of mood to create their categories of temperament. The other options include factors that were not part of their original assessment.

Question 15

Your friends have just had a baby. It is now 2 weeks old and you notice that its moods are generally positive, it adapts well to new situations and does not have extreme emotional reactions. What do you know about her personality? She is probably ____.

Accepted Answer

Based on the description, the baby displays traits of an easy temperament, which is characterized by generally positive moods, adaptability, and less extreme emotional reactions.

Question 16

What percentage of babies did Thomas and Chess find met their definition of 'easy' babies?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What percentage of babies did Thomas and...

Question 17

Do the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, which yield an overall DQ, predict later IQ? Explain.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Do the Bayley Scales of Infant Development,...

Question 18

Chess and Thomas (1984) classified the infants into their three categories and then followed these infants as they developed into adulthood. What did they find?

Accepted Answer

Chess and Thomas (1984) found that temperament in infancy predicted later development. They followed the infants into adulthood and found that the three temperament categories (easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up) were associated with different developmental outcomes. Therefore, it is possible to predict later development from infant temperament.

Question 19

Describe at least one criticism of Piaget's sensorimotor theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe at least one criticism of Piaget's...

Question 20

What percentage of babies did Thomas and Chess find met their definition of 'difficult' babies?

Accepted Answer