Question 1

Which of the following therapies is more concerned with removing specific troubling symptoms than with facilitating new ways of thinking?

Accepted Answer

Behavior therapy focuses on changing specific behaviors and removing troubling symptoms through techniques such as conditioning, reinforcement, and exposure. It is less concerned with underlying thoughts or emotions and more focused on observable behaviors.

Question 2

Which of the following is most clearly a key contributor to the formation of the therapeutic alliance?

Accepted Answer

An empathic therapist, who is able to build rapport, understand the patient's perspective, and provide a safe and supportive therapeutic environment, is a key contributor to the formation of the therapeutic alliance. While progressive relaxation and an eclectic approach may be useful techniques in therapy, they do not necessarily contribute directly to the formation of the alliance. Patient transference may be a factor that arises within the context of the therapeutic relationship, but it is not a key contributor to its formation. An empathic therapist is likely to be the most important contributor in forming the therapeutic alliance. The therapeutic alliance is a positive and collaborative relationship between the therapist and client, and empathy is a crucial aspect of building trust and rapport between them. Patients are more likely to engage in therapy and achieve successful outcomes when they feel understood and supported by their therapist. Progressive relaxation (A), an eclectic approach (B), and patient transference (C) are not necessarily key contributors to forming the therapeutic alliance, although they may be relevant in some cases.

Question 3

With ________, the therapist replaces a fearful response with a relaxation response.

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a type of therapy in which the therapist gradually exposes the patient to the feared stimulus while teaching them relaxation techniques. The goal is to replace the fear response with a relaxation response. A, systematic desensitization, is the only option that fits this description. Systematic desensitization is a type of therapy that involves gradually exposing the client to the feared stimulus while they are in a relaxed state, which replaces the fear response with a relaxation response. The other options (B, C, D) do not involve replacing a fearful response with a relaxation response.

Question 4

Which phenomenon refers to the tendency for extraordinary or unusual events to be followed by more ordinary events?

Accepted Answer

Regression toward the mean refers to the statistical phenomenon that suggests that after an unusual event, the next event is likely to be less unusual and more average. This is because unusual events often occur due to random chance, and the subsequent events are likely to return to the baseline. Regression toward the mean refers to the statistical phenomenon where extreme events tend to be followed by more typical events. This is often observed in research studies where participants with extreme scores on a measure tend to score closer to the average on subsequent measurements.

Question 5

Which of the following is most likely to contribute to inflated estimates of the value of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is most likely...

Question 6

A central therapeutic technique of psychoanalysis is

Accepted Answer

Free association involves the patient speaking freely about their thoughts, feelings, and experiences without any censorship or judgment. This technique allows the therapist to help the patient uncover unconscious conflicts and repressed emotions. It is considered the centerpiece of psychoanalysis. Free association is the central technique of psychoanalysis in which the patient freely expresses their thoughts and feelings, allowing their unconscious mind to reveal hidden conflicts and emotions. This helps the therapist understand the patient's psyche and develop insight into their problems.

Question 7

Which of the following therapists introduced the use of free association?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud introduced the use of free association as a key technique in psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud introduced the use of free association as a key technique in psychoanalysis.

Question 8

A famous 12-step program is associated with

Accepted Answer

The famous 12-step program is associated with Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), a support group for individuals struggling with alcohol addiction. They follow a program of spiritual and moral principles to achieve and maintain sobriety. Options A, B, and C are not related to the 12-step program. The use of a 12-step program is most commonly associated with Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), a well-known support group for individuals struggling with alcohol addiction.

Question 9

Which of the following procedures has typically resulted in patients becoming permanently lethargic?

Accepted Answer

A lobotomy involves severing connections in the prefrontal cortex of the brain, and it has been known to result in patients becoming permanently lethargic. A lobotomy, also known as a prefrontal lobotomy, involves surgically severing connections in the prefrontal cortex of the brain. This procedure was once used to treat mental illness, but it often resulted in permanent lethargy, apathy, and other negative side effects.

Question 10

"For you to think you are worthless because your boyfriend sometimes criticizes you is absurd! I know a lot of highly worthy people who often receive criticisms." This statement would most likely be made to a patient by a

Accepted Answer

The statement challenges irrational thinking and promotes rational thinking, which is a core aspect of rational-emotive behavior therapy. This statement reflects the principles of rational-emotive behavior therapy, which focuses on challenging clients' irrational beliefs and helping them develop more rational thought patterns. The therapist is addressing the client's distorted belief that criticism from a boyfriend means they are worthless and providing an alternative perspective.

Question 11

Which of the following is most often criticized for violating clients' rights to personal freedom and self-determination?

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification techniques are often criticized for violating clients' rights to personal freedom and self-determination because they focus on changing clients' behaviors without necessarily considering their underlying thoughts and feelings. This can sometimes lead to a loss of autonomy and a sense of control for the client. On the other hand, cognitive therapy and client-centered therapy both prioritize clients' personal agency and self-determination in therapeutic sessions. EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is not typically criticized for violating clients' rights to personal freedom and self-determination. Behavior modification techniques, particularly those that use punishment or negative reinforcement, have been criticized for potentially infringing on clients' personal freedom and autonomy. Critics argue that clients may feel coerced into changing their behaviors rather than making their own choices, which goes against the principles of self-determination and empowerment in therapy.

Question 12

Which of the following is most likely to contribute to inflated perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

Accepted Answer

One factor that can contribute to inflated perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy is regression toward the mean. This is the tendency for individuals with extreme scores on a variable to move closer to the average score on that variable over time. For example, someone with very severe symptoms of a disorder may naturally improve somewhat over time, regardless of whether or not they receive therapy. This can lead to the perception that therapy was responsible for the improvement, when in fact it may have been due to regression toward the mean. A meta-analysis is a statistical technique used to summarize and analyze the results of multiple studies on a particular topic, so it is not a factor that can contribute to inflated perceptions of psychotherapy's effectiveness. Free association refers to a technique used in psychoanalytic therapy, but this technique alone is unlikely to contribute to inflated perceptions of effectiveness. The double-blind procedure is a research design used to minimize bias in research studies but is not directly related to perceptions of psychotherapy's effectiveness. Regression toward the mean is a statistical phenomenon in which extreme scores on a measure tend to become less extreme upon retesting. Therefore, clients who seek psychotherapy at times of extreme distress may naturally show improvement over the course of treatment, leading to inflated perceptions of psychotherapy's effectiveness.

Question 13

Which of the following is considered to be the most nondirective form of therapy?

Accepted Answer

Client-centered therapy is considered to be the most nondirective form of therapy because it emphasizes the client's autonomy and ability to direct the course of therapy. The therapist serves as a facilitator, providing a safe and empathetic space for the client to explore and gain insight into their own experiences and emotions. In contrast, cognitive therapy, psychoanalysis, and systematic desensitization all involve more active interventions from the therapist. Client-centered therapy, also known as person-centered therapy, is considered to be the most nondirective form of therapy. This approach emphasizes the therapist's unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuine understanding of the client's experience, without providing advice or imposing interpretations. The focus is on creating a safe and supportive environment where the client can explore their thoughts and emotions and develop their own solutions to their problems. Cognitive therapy, psychoanalysis, and systematic desensitization all involve more active interventions and guidance from the therapist.

Question 14

Which of the following techniques is derived from classical conditioning principles?

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a technique used in behavioral therapy that involves gradually exposing a person to a feared stimulus while helping them to relax. This is based on principles of classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (relaxation) is paired with a feared stimulus (the phobia) to eventually create a new association and reduce fear. The other options (token economy, stress inoculation training, ECT) are not derived from classical conditioning principles. Systematic desensitization is a technique derived from classical conditioning principles, specifically the process of counterconditioning. The goal is to reduce anxiety or fear by pairing a feared object or situation with relaxation, creating a new association between the stimulus and a relaxed state. Choices A (the token economy) and C (stress inoculation training) are derived from operant conditioning principles, while choice D (ECT) is a biological treatment for severe mental illness.

Question 15

A possible explanation for the effectiveness of ________ is that it may reduce depression by triggering the long-term potentiation of nerve cells.

Accepted Answer

rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) has been shown to increase cortical activity and trigger long-term potentiation (LTP) of nerve cells in certain brain regions, which may contribute to its effectiveness in reducing depression symptoms. EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) is a therapy used for trauma-related disorders, chlorpromazine is an antipsychotic drug used to treat various mental health conditions, and psychosurgery involves the surgical alteration of brain tissue and is a highly invasive treatment option used only in extreme cases. None of these options target LTP as a mechanism of action for reducing depression symptoms. rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) has been shown to increase long-term potentiation of nerve cells in the brain, which may help reduce symptoms of depression. EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) has not been shown to specifically trigger long-term potentiation, and chlorpromazine and psychosurgery are not commonly used treatments for depression.

Question 16

Which of the following treatment approaches has received little or no scientific support?

Accepted Answer

Energy therapies, such as using crystals or magnets to realign "energy fields," have not been supported by scientific evidence. Energy therapies, such as Reiki and therapeutic touch, have not been supported by credible scientific evidence.

Question 17

Which of the following is a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies?

Accepted Answer

Meta-analysis is the process of combining statistical data from different studies to arrive at a more precise estimate of the overall effect. Factors analysis is a technique used to reduce a large set of variables into a smaller set of variables, while regression towards the mean is a statistical phenomenon that refers to the tendency of extreme scores to regress towards the mean on a second testing. rTMS stands for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, which is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique used to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. Meta-analysis is a statistical procedure that combines the results of multiple studies on a particular topic to arrive at an overall conclusion. Factors such as sample size, study design, and statistical significance are taken into account to minimize bias and achieve a more accurate estimate of the effect size. Factor analysis is a technique used to identify underlying factors that influence observed variables, regression toward the mean is a phenomenon where extreme measurements tend to move closer to the mean in subsequent measurements, and rTMS is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique used in neuroscience research and clinical settings.

Question 18

A common ingredient underlying the success of diverse psychotherapies is the

Accepted Answer

The client's expectation that psychotherapy will make things better is a common ingredient underlying the success of diverse psychotherapies. This phenomenon is known as the placebo effect, which emphasizes the importance of the client's belief that the treatment will be helpful. Professional training and experience of the therapist, the escape from real-life pressures offered by psychotherapy, and the length of time the client spends in psychotherapy may also contribute to the success of psychotherapy, but they are not as consistently across all types of therapy as the client's expectation. The client's expectation that psychotherapy will make things better is a common ingredient underlying the success of diverse psychotherapies. This is known as the placebo effect, in which the client's belief in the effectiveness of the treatment can actually contribute to its success. While other factors such as therapist training and experience, therapy length, and the relief from real-life pressures offered by therapy may also play a role, the client's expectation is a key factor in therapeutic success.

Question 19

Which psychosurgical procedure was designed to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients?

Accepted Answer

Lobotomy was a psychosurgical procedure designed to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients by surgically severing the connections between the prefrontal cortex and the rest of the brain. Electroconvulsive therapy is a different type of treatment that uses electrical currents to treat severe mental illnesses such as depression. The double-blind technique is a research method designed to reduce bias in scientific studies, and systematic desensitization is a behavioral therapy technique used to treat anxiety disorders. Lobotomy, also known as a prefrontal lobotomy or frontal lobotomy, was a psychosurgical procedure designed to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients by severing the connections between the prefrontal cortex and the rest of the brain. However, it is now widely discredited due to its harmful and often unpredictable side effects.

Question 20

Which of the following treatments is most likely to be used only with severely depressed patients who have not responded to drug therapy?

Accepted Answer

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is most likely to be used only with severely depressed patients who have not responded to drug therapy. It involves applying brief electrical pulses to the brain while the patient is under anesthesia, which can lead to improvements in mood and other symptoms of depression. Systematic desensitization is a behavioral therapy used to treat anxiety disorders, while psychoanalysis is a long-term therapy focused on exploring unconscious thoughts and emotions. EMDR is a therapy used primarily for treating trauma-related disorders. Electroconvulsive therapy is often used as a last resort treatment for severely depressed patients who have not responded to drug therapy. It involves passing electrical currents through the brain to induce a brief seizure, which can lead to improvements in mood. Systematic desensitization, psychoanalysis, and EMDR are not typically used to treat depression, and are more commonly used to treat anxiety disorders or trauma-related disorders.

Quiz 16: Psychological Disorders