Question 1

Although Albert Ellis and Allen Bergin disagree about the value of self-sacrifice and marital fidelity, as professional therapists they both agree that

Accepted Answer

The answer of Although Albert Ellis and Allen Bergin disagree...

Question 2

A token economy is to operant conditioning as ________ is to classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A token economy is a form of operant conditioning where desired behaviors are reinforced with tokens that can be exchanged for rewards. Classical conditioning, on the other hand, is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that naturally triggers a certain response until the neutral stimulus alone comes to elicit the same response. Systematic desensitization is a type of therapy used to treat phobias by gradually exposing the individual to the feared stimulus. Electroconvulsive therapy is a medical treatment used for severe depression or other mental illnesses that involves passing an electrical current through the brain to induce a seizure. Free association is a technique used in psychoanalysis where patients are encouraged to speak freely about any thoughts, feelings, or memories that come to mind. Drug therapy involves the use of medications to treat mental health disorders. Both token economy and operant conditioning involve a system of rewards and punishments to shape behavior. Similarly, systematic desensitization and classical conditioning involve the pairing of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a desired response. Both pairs of concepts are linked through their usage of positive reinforcement to condition behavior.

Question 3

A token economy represents an application of the principles of

Accepted Answer

A token economy is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which involve modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment. In a token economy, desired behaviors are reinforced with tokens that can be exchanged for rewards, and undesirable behaviors are punished by taking away tokens or other privileges. This system is based on the principle that behaviors that are reinforced are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors that are punished are less likely to be repeated in the future. A token economy operates on the principles of operant conditioning, where behavior is modified through reinforcement and punishment. In a token economy, tokens are given as a form of reinforcement for desirable behavior, which can then be exchanged for rewards. Such a system is designed to encourage and increase the frequency of desirable behavior while decreasing undesirable behavior.

Question 4

A procedure that trains people to make new responses to stimuli that currently trigger unwanted responses is called

Accepted Answer

Counterconditioning is a type of behavioral therapy that involves replacing an undesirable response to a stimulus with a more desirable response. This is done through repeated exposure to the stimulus and reinforcement of the desired response. Light exposure therapy is a specific type of therapy used to treat seasonal affective disorder, transference is a psychological phenomenon in which feelings from past experiences are transferred onto a current relationship, and unconditional positive regard is a concept from humanistic psychology focused on a therapist's attitude toward their client. Counterconditioning is a procedure in which people learn new responses to stimuli that previously triggered unwanted responses. It is often used in behavioral therapy to treat phobias, addictions, and other types of unwanted behavior. Light exposure therapy is a specific type of therapy used to treat seasonal affective disorder (SAD), while transference and unconditional positive regard refer to concepts within the framework of psychoanalytic therapy.

Question 5

Behavioral conditioning therapies have achieved especially favorable results in the treatment of

Accepted Answer

Behavioral conditioning therapies, such as exposure therapy and systematic desensitization, have shown to be highly effective in treating phobias. These therapies aim to change an individual's learned response to a particular stimulus, ultimately reducing or eliminating the fear response associated with it. Bipolar disorders, tardive dyskinesia, and major depressive disorder are not typically treated with behavioral conditioning therapies. Behavioral conditioning therapies, such as exposure therapy, have been shown to be highly effective in treating specific phobias by gradually desensitizing individuals to the feared object or situation. These therapies are less effective in treating other disorders such as bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder, and may even be contraindicated in conditions such as tardive dyskinesia.

Question 6

Bolstering parents' and teachers' skills at nurturing children's achievement and resulting self-esteem best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Preventive mental health aims to build skills and support systems to prevent mental health problems from developing. Bolstering parents' and teachers' skills at nurturing children's achievement and self-esteem is an example of preventive mental health. Virtual reality exposure therapy, meta-analysis, and counterconditioning are not related to this concept. Preventive mental health aims to promote wellness and prevent the development of psychological problems. Bolstering parents' and teachers' skills at nurturing children's achievement and resulting self-esteem can help prevent the development of mental health issues and promote overall well-being in children.

Question 7

An important feature of client-centered therapy is

Accepted Answer

Active listening is a central feature of client-centered therapy, which emphasizes the therapist's unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness in order to create a therapeutic environment in which clients feel safe to explore and express their feelings and experiences. The therapist's role is to provide support and understanding rather than advice or direction, and active listening is essential to this process. Systematic desensitization, transference, and free association are all techniques associated with different types of therapy (behavioral, psychoanalytic, and psychoanalytic, respectively) and are not central to client-centered therapy. Client-centered therapy emphasizes the therapist's role as a listener, and active listening is one of its essential features. In this therapy, the therapist provides empathy, acceptance, and unconditional positive regard to the client, creating a nonjudgmental and safe environment in which the individual can explore their feelings and attitudes. This approach enables the client to generate their solutions to problems and promotes self-growth and self-awareness.

Question 8

According to Mary Cover Jones, 3-year-old Peter lost his fear of rabbits when one was repeatedly presented while he was eating his midafternoon snack. This episode best illustrated the potential usefulness of

Accepted Answer

Peter's fear of rabbits was reduced through repeated exposure to them, which is a key component of exposure therapy. This therapy is based on the idea that gradually exposing a person to their feared object or situation can help them overcome their fear or anxiety. This scenario illustrates the effectiveness of exposure therapies, as Peter's fear of rabbits was gradually extinguished through repeated exposure in a safe and controlled environment.

Question 9

Adelle's feelings of unhappiness, low self-esteem, and hopelessness have become so extreme that she has attempted suicide. Which of the following treatments is likely to provide her with the quickest relief from her misery?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Adelle's feelings of unhappiness, low self-esteem, and...

Question 10

After performing a meta-analysis of some 475 psychotherapy outcome studies, researchers reported that

Accepted Answer

The researchers reported that evidence supports the efficacy of psychotherapy after analyzing 475 psychotherapy outcome studies. The meta-analysis found evidence to support the efficacy of psychotherapy, indicating that it is indeed effective in treating mental health issues.

Question 11

Benny's mother tries to reduce his fear of sailing by giving the 3-year-old his favorite candy as soon as they board the boat. The mother's strategy best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The mother's strategy of giving Benny his favorite candy as soon as they board the boat is an example of counterconditioning, which involves pairing a feared stimulus with a pleasurable one in order to change the emotional response to the feared stimulus. In this case, the pleasurable stimulus (candy) is being paired with the feared stimulus (sailing) in an attempt to reduce Benny's fear. Counterconditioning involves pairing a feared object or situation with a pleasurable stimulus in order to reverse a fear response. In this case, Benny's mother is pairing sailing (the feared object) with his favorite candy (the pleasurable stimulus) in order to reduce his fear.

Question 12

After discontinuing heavy use of an antianxiety drug, Angela experienced increased anxiety and difficulty sleeping. Angela was experiencing symptoms of

Accepted Answer

Angela is experiencing symptoms of withdrawal, which can occur when someone stops using a drug they have become dependent on, especially in cases of heavy use, such as with antianxiety medications. These symptoms may include increased anxiety and difficulty sleeping. Transference refers to when a patient projects their feelings and emotions onto their therapist, while tardive dyskinesia is a movement disorder that can occur as a side effect of long-term use of certain medications. Neurogenesis refers to the growth and development of new neurons in the brain. Angela's symptoms are consistent with withdrawal, which is a set of symptoms that occur when a person stops taking a medication after prolonged use. Withdrawal symptoms can include anxiety, sleep difficulties, and other physical and psychological symptoms.

Question 13

According to psychoanalysts, resistance refers to the

Accepted Answer

Resistance in psychoanalysis refers to the unconscious attempts of a client to block or sabotage the therapeutic process by avoiding or refusing to acknowledge anxiety-laden material or thoughts. This can manifest in various ways, such as missing appointments, avoiding certain topics, or becoming defensive during therapy. The goal of the therapist is to work through these resistances in order to help the client gain insight and achieve psychological growth. According to psychoanalysts, resistance refers to the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material during therapy, such as avoiding or changing topics, forgetting, or becoming silent. This is seen as a defense mechanism and a way to prevent the emergence of unconscious conflicts or painful emotions.

Question 14

A therapist who takes an eclectic approach is one who

Accepted Answer

An eclectic approach means that the therapist uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches, based on the needs of the individual client. This approach allows the therapist to tailor the therapy to the client's specific needs and concerns. An eclectic therapist uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches rather than relying on just one approach. This allows the therapist to select and tailor the approach to the specific needs of the individual client.

Question 15

By overestimating the actual benefits of their psychotherapeutic treatment, clients are most likely attempting to satisfy their need for

Accepted Answer

Clients who overestimate the benefits of their therapy may be attempting to justify the time, money, and effort they have invested in it. This is known as self-justification, and it is a common psychological phenomenon. Clients may feel the need to persuade themselves and others that their therapy has been successful because the alternative may be admitting that they have wasted resources or failed to improve their mental health. By overestimating the benefits of their therapeutic treatment, clients are likely attempting to justify the time, money, and effort they have invested in therapy. This can help satisfy their need for self-justification, which is the tendency to rationalize our choices, beliefs, and behaviors to protect our self-image and maintain our sense of self-worth.

Question 16

Although Shawn felt terribly depressed when he began psychotherapy, he was much happier by the time he had completed therapy. It would be reasonable to attribute some of his improvement to

Accepted Answer

The answer of Although Shawn felt terribly depressed when he...

Question 17

Antidepressant drugs are increasingly being prescribed for the treatment of

Accepted Answer

Antidepressant drugs are commonly prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. They are not typically prescribed for auditory hallucinations, tardive dyskinesia, or antisocial personality disorder.

Question 18

By earning a client's trust, empathic and caring therapists promote

Accepted Answer

Empathic and caring therapists who earn a client's trust contribute to the development of a therapeutic alliance, or a positive working relationship between the therapist and client. This alliance is an important factor in the success of therapy. Options A, C, and D are not related to the concept of earning a client's trust or promoting a therapeutic alliance.

Question 19

Although originally trained in Freudian techniques, Aaron Beck developed a ________ therapy for depression.

Accepted Answer

Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy for depression, which emphasizes identifying and changing negative thought patterns and beliefs that contribute to depressive symptoms.

Question 20

An integrative therapy that aims to modify both self-defeating thinking and maladaptive actions is known as

Accepted Answer

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) aims to modify both self-defeating thinking and maladaptive actions through a combination of cognitive restructuring and behavioral interventions. This integrative therapy has been found effective in treating many mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) combines cognitive therapy (identifying and changing negative thinking patterns) and behavioral therapy (changing maladaptive behaviors) to address issues and improve mental health. It aims to modify both self-defeating thinking and maladaptive actions.

Quiz 16: Psychological Disorders