Question 1

Deep-brain stimulation has been reported to provide relief from

Accepted Answer

Deep-brain stimulation has been found to provide relief for some individuals with treatment-resistant depression. It involves the implantation of electrodes in specific regions of the brain that regulate mood, and sending small electrical currents to stimulate those regions. Deep-brain stimulation has been found to be an effective treatment for severe, treatment-resistant depression. It involves a surgical procedure where electrodes are implanted into specific areas of the brain, and the electrical stimulation helps to regulate the brain's activity and improve mood. It is not typically used to treat dissociative disorders, phobias, or schizophrenia.

Question 2

Compared with placebos, antidepressant drugs provide ________ benefits to patients with severe symptoms of depression and ________ benefits to patients with mild symptoms of depression.

Accepted Answer

According to research, antidepressant drugs provide substantial benefits to patients with severe symptoms of depression but only minimal benefits to patients with mild symptoms of depression, which is why option B is the correct answer.

Question 3

Cognitive therapy works, top-down, by changing thought processes. Antidepressant drugs work, bottom-up, on the emotion-forming

Accepted Answer

Antidepressant drugs work on the limbic system, which is responsible for emotional processing, while cognitive therapy targets thought processes in the higher, cortical areas of the brain. Antidepressant drugs work on the limbic system, which is responsible for forming emotions. Cognitive therapy, on the other hand, works on changing thought patterns, which is a top-down approach. The cerebellum and sensory cortex are not involved in either of these processes.

Question 4

Connor is constantly chewing tobacco. To reduce his appetite for this product, a behavior therapist would most likely use

Accepted Answer

A behavior therapist would most likely use aversive conditioning to reduce Connor's appetite for chewing tobacco. Aversive conditioning involves pairing an unpleasant or aversive stimulus, such as a bad taste or smell, with a behavior in order to reduce that behavior. The goal of aversive conditioning is to make the behavior less appealing or enjoyable, which can help individuals overcome addictions or problematic behaviors. A behavior therapist would most likely use aversive conditioning to reduce Connor's appetite for chewing tobacco. Aversive conditioning involves pairing the undesirable behavior (chewing tobacco) with an unpleasant stimulus (such as a bad taste or a shock) to create a negative association and decrease the likelihood of the behavior recurring.

Question 5

During a marriage counseling session, the therapist suggests to Mr. and Mrs. Gallo that they each restate their spouse's comments before making their own. The therapist was applying a technique most closely associated with

Accepted Answer

The technique of restating a client's comment before making one's own response is a key characteristic of Carl Roger's client-centered therapy. This approach emphasizes the therapist's ability to empathize with and understand the client's perspective, and restating the client's comments is one way to demonstrate this skill. The technique of restating a spouse's comments before making one's own is a central tenet of client-centered therapy, which emphasizes active listening and reflecting on the feelings and perspectives of the client. This technique is intended to improve communication and understanding within the relationship by allowing each partner to better understand their own perspectives as well as those of their partner.

Question 6

Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and an understanding of patient characteristics best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Evidence-based practice involves using the best available research, clinical expertise, and patient characteristics to guide clinical decision making. EMDR is a specific therapy technique, meta-analysis is a statistical method for combining research studies, and long-term potentiation is a neurobiological process related to learning and memory, none of which fully capture the definition of evidence-based practice. Evidence-based practice is the process of applying the best available research in combination with relevant clinical expertise and patient values to make decisions about patient care. This approach considers scientific evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences and circumstances to develop an individualized treatment plan for each patient. EMDR, meta-analysis, and long-term potentiation are specific terms related to research and neuroscience, but do not directly relate to the process of clinical decision making.

Question 7

Double-blind studies enable researchers to assess the extent to which drug therapy outcomes are attributable to

Accepted Answer

Double-blind studies are designed to eliminate the influence of the placebo effect, which is the phenomenon where patients may experience a beneficial response to a drug even when it does not contain active ingredients. By randomizing participants to receive either the experimental drug or a placebo (which looks identical but contains no medication), and ensuring that neither the participants nor the researchers know which group each participant is in, the study can determine whether any observed effects are due to the drug itself or simply to the belief that a treatment is underway. The other options listed (therapeutic alliance, progressive relaxation, and stress inoculation training) are forms of psychological intervention and are not typically assessed in double-blind medication trials. Double-blind studies are designed to minimize the potential for bias in research by ensuring that neither the participants nor the researchers know which group is receiving the active treatment and which group is receiving a placebo. This allows researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug therapy while controlling for the placebo effect, which refers to the impact that simply believing one is receiving a treatment can have on the outcome of the study. Therefore, the extent to which drug therapy outcomes are attributable to the placebo effect can be assessed in double-blind studies.

Question 8

Carl Rogers referred to a caring, nonjudgmental attitude as

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers defined the concept of unconditional positive regard as an attitude of complete acceptance and nonjudgmental care towards another person. This means accepting the person without passing any judgment, regardless of their thoughts or actions. It involves being empathetic towards the individual's feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. Therefore, choice C is the correct answer. Carl Rogers referred to a caring, nonjudgmental attitude as unconditional positive regard, which is the complete acceptance and support of a person regardless of what they say or do. It involves a genuine concern for the welfare of others and a willingness to listen and understand them without passing judgment or imposing one's own values or beliefs. Active listening, free association, and positive reinforcement are related but distinct concepts from the theory of counseling and psychotherapy.

Question 9

Chlorpromazine is an antipsychotic drug that reduces paranoia and hallucinations by

Accepted Answer

Chlorpromazine works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which reduces sensitivity to irrelevant stimuli and helps to reduce symptoms of paranoia and hallucinations. It does not primarily affect involuntary muscle movements, norepinephrine availability, or arousal and mood. Chlorpromazine is an antipsychotic drug that works by dampening responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli. It does not reduce involuntary muscle movements, decrease the availability of norepinephrine, or elevate arousal and mood.

Question 10

Dr. Miller prescribes drugs for the treatment of chronic depression, and she encourages rest and relaxation training for clients suffering from excessive anxiety. It is most likely that Dr. Miller is a

Accepted Answer

Psychiatrists are medical doctors who can prescribe medication for mental illnesses such as chronic depression. Additionally, Dr. Miller's recommendation of rest and relaxation training suggests a focus on treating anxiety, which is also within the scope of psychiatric treatment. Clinical social workers, cognitive therapists, and client-centered therapists may also address depression and anxiety, but they do not have the medical training to prescribe medication. Dr. Miller's prescribing of drugs suggests she is a licensed medical doctor, most likely a psychiatrist, who is able to prescribe medication for mental health disorders. Additionally, her recommendation of rest and relaxation training aligns with common therapeutic techniques used by psychiatrists to treat anxiety.

Question 11

Dr. Byrne is a clinical psychologist who often uses operant conditioning techniques to treat her clients. She also encourages them to modify their thought patterns, and on occasion she interprets their transference behaviors. Dr. Byrne's therapeutic approach would best be described as

Accepted Answer

Dr. Byrne's therapeutic approach is not limited to one particular theoretical orientation but rather incorporates aspects of multiple approaches, making it eclectic. She uses operant conditioning techniques which fall under the behavioral approach, encourages modifying thought patterns which includes cognitive-behavioral techniques, and interprets transference which is a principle of the psychoanalytic approach. Biomedical approach would involve medication and other biological interventions, which is not mentioned in the scenario. Dr. Byrne's therapeutic approach combines multiple techniques from different approaches, making it an eclectic approach. She uses operant conditioning from behavioral psychology, cognitive techniques to modify thought patterns, and interprets transference behaviors from psychoanalytic theory.

Question 12

D-cycloserine helps relieve the symptoms of

Accepted Answer

D-cycloserine is a medication used in combination with therapy to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It is believed to enhance the brain's ability to learn and form new connections, leading to a reduction in symptoms. It is not indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or antisocial personality disorder. D-cycloserine has been shown to have positive effects in reducing the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. It enhances the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy, which is a common treatment for OCD.

Question 13

Decreasing negative thoughts by engaging in a pleasant activity is a cognitive therapy technique designed to

Accepted Answer

Engaging in a pleasant activity is a form of distraction that can help reduce anxiety and decrease negative thoughts. This technique is commonly used in cognitive therapy to help individuals learn how to manage their negative thinking patterns. While examining consequences, revealing one's beliefs, and reattributing responsibility can all be useful cognitive therapy techniques, they are not specific to decreasing negative thoughts through engaging in a pleasant activity. Engaging in a pleasant activity can help reduce anxiety, which in turn can decrease negative thoughts. This technique is used in cognitive therapy to help individuals manage and reduce the impact of negative thinking patterns. It does not necessarily involve examining consequences (choice A), revealing one's beliefs (choice B), or reattributing responsibility (choice C).

Question 14

During psychotherapy, Leon would begin to stutter whenever he began discussing personally sensitive thoughts. Sigmund Freud would have been likely to interpret this stuttering as

Accepted Answer

Freud would have seen this stuttering as a form of resistance, meaning that it was a defense mechanism employed by Leon to avoid discussing certain sensitive topics that he may not be comfortable confronting. Freud believed that uncovering and working through these resistances was key to successful psychotherapy. Freud was known for his concept of resistance, which suggests that individuals may unconsciously resist exploring certain thoughts or experiences during therapy. One possible manifestation of resistance could be stuttering or other difficulties in communicating sensitive information. Therefore, Freud would interpret Leon's stuttering as a form of resistance to discussing certain topics.

Question 15

Cognitive therapists would be most likely to encourage depressed clients to

Accepted Answer

Cognitive therapy focuses on helping clients identify and challenge negative thought patterns that contribute to their depression. One common negative thought pattern is self-blame, where clients attribute negative events or circumstances to their own personal flaws or shortcomings. Encouraging clients to stop blaming themselves for things beyond their control can be a helpful step towards changing this negative thinking pattern. Cognitive therapists focus on identifying and challenging negative thought patterns and beliefs that contribute to depression. Encouraging clients to stop blaming themselves for circumstances beyond their control is a common strategy in cognitive therapy, as it helps them develop more realistic and compassionate attitudes toward themselves. Option A is more relevant to behavioral therapy, option B reflects a misinterpretation of cognitive therapy, and option D is about anxiety rather than depression.

Question 16

Dr. Genscher believes that most psychological disorders result from chemical imbalances. In her work as a therapist, Dr. Genscher is most likely to make use of

Accepted Answer

Dr. Genscher's belief that psychological disorders result from chemical imbalances suggests that she may lean towards drug therapies as a treatment option, making choice C the most likely answer. Psychosurgery (choice A) and transference (choice D) are not typically used as primary treatment options, while meta-analysis (choice B) is a research method and not a therapeutic technique. Dr. Genscher's belief that psychological disorders result from chemical imbalances suggests that she would most likely make use of drug therapies to treat her patients.

Question 17

Critics of ________ have expressed a concern that appropriate patient behaviors will disappear following the discontinuation of a token economy.

Accepted Answer

The statement mentions a concern about appropriate patient behavior disappearing after discontinuation of a token economy, which is a type of behavior modification technique. Therefore, the correct choice is C) behavior modification. The other options (A) cognitive therapy, (B) light exposure therapy, and (D) rTMS, are not directly related to behavior modification or token economies. Critics of behavior modification have expressed concern that appropriate patient behaviors will disappear following the discontinuation of a token economy, which may result in a lack of long-term sustainability of the treatment approach.

Question 18

Colette received a surprisingly high grade on her first biology test. She failed to perform as well on her second test, even though she studied equally for both tests. Which of the following best explains Colette's deteriorating pattern of performance?

Accepted Answer

Regression toward the mean – Colette's first grade on the biology test was an outlier or higher than expected, so her second grade, while still at an average level, appeared to be a decline in performance due to the statistical principle of regression toward the mean. Regression toward the mean is the tendency for extreme scores or outcomes to return to an average or expected state over time. In this case, Colette's high score on the first test was an extreme outcome, so it is likely that her score on the second test would regress toward the average.

Question 19

Dr. Judd is convinced that psychological disorders result largely from stressful social situations rather than from disturbances within the individual personality. Dr. Judd's belief is most consistent with the assumptions that underlie

Accepted Answer

Dr. Judd's belief that psychological disorders result largely from stressful social situations rather than from disturbances within the individual personality is most consistent with the assumptions that underlie preventive mental health, which focuses on addressing risk factors and promoting protective factors in order to prevent the development of mental health problems. Dr. Judd's belief is consistent with the approach of preventive mental health, which focuses on identifying and addressing environmental and social factors that influence mental health and wellbeing. This approach aims to promote positive social and environmental conditions that can prevent the development of psychological disorders. Psychoanalysis tends to emphasize the role of internal conflicts and unconscious processes in the development of psychological disorders, while psychosurgery and drug therapy are focused on treating symptoms rather than addressing underlying social factors.

Question 20

Carl Rogers encouraged client-centered therapists to ______ during the process of therapy.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed that therapists should be genuine and authentic in expressing their true feelings and reactions during therapy, rather than concealing them or remaining detached. This was an important aspect of client-centered therapy, as it helped to create a non-judgmental and empathic environment in which clients could explore their feelings and experiences. However, Rogers did not encourage therapists to diagnose clients, explain the causes of their difficulties, or identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences. These approaches were seen as being too directive and potentially damaging to the therapeutic relationship. Carl Rogers believed in the importance of therapists being authentic and genuine with their clients. This includes expressing their own true feelings and reactions to what the client is saying, rather than simply providing a diagnosis or analyzing the client's difficulties.

Quiz 16: Psychological Disorders