Question 1

People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrate the subtle nature of

Accepted Answer

Implicit prejudice refers to unconscious negative attitudes and beliefs held by individuals towards certain groups. This type of prejudice operates at an automatic, non-conscious level, and can be difficult to identify or control consciously, hence making it a subtle nature.

Question 2

Our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when we

Accepted Answer

When we are able to easily recall our attitudes, they are more likely to guide our actions. This is because our attitudes are more readily and strongly accessible in our minds, increasing the likelihood that they will influence our behavior. A and B are incorrect because experiencing deindividuation or feeling incompetent or insecure may actually weaken the influence of our attitudes on our behavior. D is incorrect because normative social influence refers to the influence of societal norms on our behavior, rather than the influence of our personal attitudes. Our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when they are easily accessible in our memory. This is because when our attitudes come to mind easily, they are more likely to be used as a basis for judgment and decision making. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

Question 3

Poverty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of ________ by political liberals and in terms of ________ by political conservatives.

Accepted Answer

Political liberals tend to emphasize the role of situational constraints, such as lack of access to education or economic opportunities, in causing poverty and unemployment. Political conservatives, on the other hand, tend to emphasize the role of personal dispositions, such as laziness or lack of motivation, in causing these issues. Political liberals typically emphasize situational constraints as explanations for poverty and unemployment, such as lack of access to education, discrimination, and economic policies. Political conservatives, on the other hand, tend to focus on personal dispositions, such as lack of work ethic or motivation, as explanations for poverty and unemployment.

Question 4

Our first impressions of those we meet are most likely to be determined by their

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that physical appearance is the most immediate and influential factor in determining our first impressions of others. Attitudes, intelligence, and superordinate goals may become more important later on, but they are not typically the first things we notice or base our initial judgments on. Research has shown that physical appearance is usually the first aspect that we notice and use to form our initial impressions of others. This can include features such as facial symmetry, attractiveness, and body language. Factors such as attitude and intelligence are less immediately apparent and tend to be discovered over time. Superordinate goals, while potentially important for building relationships, would not likely be the first thing we notice about someone when we first meet them.

Question 5

Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of

Accepted Answer

Modeling is the process by which children learn behaviors by observing and imitating others in their environment, particularly parents. Therefore, parents who discipline their children with beatings may inadvertently be teaching their children that using violence is an acceptable way to solve problems or get what they want. This can lead to the child becoming more aggressive in their behavior. Parents who discipline their children with beatings are using physical aggression as a means of discipline, which can teach children that aggression is an acceptable way to solve problems or get their way. This process is known as modeling.

Question 6

People tend to prefer a(n) ________ image of themselves, while their friends prefer a ________ version of them.

Accepted Answer

People tend to have a biased and idealized perception of themselves when looking in the mirror, which is why they prefer this image. However, friends have a more objective perspective and therefore see a more realistic version of the person. People tend to have an idealized image of themselves and prefer to see themselves as they want to be perceived, which is why they prefer the mirror image. On the other hand, friends tend to have a more objective view of their friends and see them as they are in reality, which is why they prefer the actual image.

Question 7

Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in

Accepted Answer

Discrimination is the act of unfairly treating a particular group of people differently from others. Refusing to hire someone based on their skin color is an example of discrimination. Stereotyping (A) is the act of making assumptions about someone based on their group membership, while deindividuation (B) is a phenomenon where individuals lose their sense of identity and self-awareness in group situations. The fundamental attribution error (D) is the tendency to overemphasize personality-based explanations for someone's behavior while underemphasizing situational factors. None of these concepts fully capture the act of refusing to hire someone based on their skin color, making choice C the best answer. Discrimination refers to unfair treatment based on certain characteristics such as race, gender, or age. Refusing to hire someone based on their skin color fits this definition, making it an act of discrimination. Stereotyping involves making assumptions about a group of people based on limited information, while deindividuation refers to the loss of individual identity in a group setting. The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize dispositional factors (e.g. personality traits) and underemphasize situational factors when explaining someone's behavior.

Question 8

People with more symmetrical faces are perceived as more

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that individuals with more symmetrical faces are perceived as more sexually attractive. This is because facial symmetry is a marker of good health and genetic quality, which are traits that signal reproductive fitness. Research has consistently shown that people with more symmetrical faces are perceived as more sexually attractive. This is believed to be because facial symmetry is a sign of genetic health and developmental stability, which are important factors in mate selection.

Question 9

People are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value

Accepted Answer

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute others' behavior to dispositional factors, rather than situational factors. Individualistic cultures place a greater emphasis on personal responsibility and autonomy, which may lead people to overemphasize dispositional factors when explaining others' behaviors. Thus, people are more likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value individualism. Individualistic cultures prioritize the importance of individual achievements and personal goals over group goals, which may lead to a greater tendency to attribute behavior to dispositional factors rather than situational factors. This is in contrast to collectivistic cultures, which prioritize group harmony and value situational factors more when assessing behavior.

Question 10

Professor Lindsten emphasized that aggressive behavior often involves the interactive influence of personal frustration, exposure to aggressive models, and heightened levels of arousal. The professor's emphasis best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The professor's emphasis on the interaction of personal, psychological, and social factors (frustration, exposure to aggressive models, and arousal) is consistent with the biopsychosocial approach, which explores how biological, psychological, and social factors influence behavior. The other options (attribution theory, reciprocity norm, and social facilitation) do not directly relate to the interactive influences of these factors on aggressive behavior. The professor is describing how biological, psychological, and social factors interact to produce aggressive behavior, supporting a biopsychosocial approach.

Question 11

Professor Maslova attends faculty meetings simply to gain the approval of the college dean. Professor Maslova's behavior exemplifies the importance of

Accepted Answer

Professor Maslova is conforming to the norms of the group in order to gain approval from the college dean, indicating normative social influence. Ingroup bias (A) refers to favoring members of one's own group over outsiders, informational social influence (B) refers to conforming to the opinions of others when we believe they have more accurate information than we do, and deindividuation (D) refers to losing one's sense of individual identity when in a group setting. Professor Maslova's behavior exemplifies normative social influence, which occurs when people conform to the expectations of a group in order to gain social approval or avoid disapproval. The approval of the college dean is an important factor in Maslova's decision to attend faculty meetings, illustrating the influence of normative social pressure.

Question 12

Professors Maksoud, Struthers, and Vasic each tend to think that obtaining a university degree is easier today than it was when they were students. After discussing the matter over coffee, they are even more convinced that obtaining a degree is easier today. This episode provides an example of

Accepted Answer

The scenario provided describes group polarization, which refers to the phenomenon where group discussion leads to the strengthening of the initial views held by group members. In this case, the individual beliefs of each professor were confirmed and strengthened through their discussion with one another. The other options do not accurately describe the situation presented in the scenario. This episode demonstrates group polarization, which occurs when group discussion strengthens the initial attitudes of group members. The three professors initially believed that obtaining a degree was easier today, and after discussing the matter together, their attitudes became even more extreme in that direction. They were polarized towards the same viewpoint. The other options do not accurately describe the situation described in the scenario.

Question 13

Portrayals of women as initially fleeing but subsequently enjoying coercive sexual encounters illustrate what is known as

Accepted Answer

The portrayal of women initially fleeing but later enjoying coercive sexual encounters is a common example of the rape myth, which suggests that women may secretly enjoy or even invite sexual assault. This myth perpetuates victim-blaming and invalidates the trauma experienced by survivors of sexual assault. The portrayal of women as initially resisting but later enjoying coercive sexual encounters is a common aspect of the rape myth. This myth propagates the false idea that women secretly desire to be raped, and it is a form of victim-blaming that perpetuates rape culture. Choices A, C, and D are not relevant to this concept.

Question 14

People tend to like the letters of their own name better than other letters. This is best explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect is the tendency for people to feel more positive towards something simply because they are familiar with it. In the case of liking the letters in one's own name, this can be explained by the fact that we are exposed to the letters in our name more frequently than other letters, leading to a greater preference for them. The mere exposure effect suggests that people have a tendency to form a preference for things simply because they are familiar with them. In the case of liking the letters of one's own name more than others, this can be explained by the fact that individuals are more exposed to the letters of their own name throughout their lives, making them more familiar and therefore more likable.

Question 15

Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behaviors is most likely to minimize

Accepted Answer

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize dispositional (internal) explanations for other people's behavior and underemphasize situational (external) factors. Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behaviors can help reduce this error by acknowledging the role of the situation in shaping behavior rather than solely blaming the individual. The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate dispositional (internal) explanations for others' behaviors and underestimate situational (external) factors. Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behaviors can help minimize this error, as it reminds us that external factors can play a significant role in shaping behavior.

Question 16

Over the last half-century, Americans have expressed

Accepted Answer

While there has been some controversy and backlash against the idea of a female president, especially during the 2016 election, overall Americans have become increasingly open to the idea of voting for a qualified female candidate. This is reflected in the growing number of women running for and winning political office, as well as public opinion polls that show a majority of Americans support gender equality in politics. The other answer choices are incorrect because they either show a decrease in support for women's rights (A and D) or are not relevant to women's rights (B). According to various polls and surveys, Americans have shown a consistent increase in readiness to support and vote for qualified female presidential candidates. This trend is evident in the recent presidential elections where female candidates received significant support from the population. Additionally, options A and D are incorrect as Americans have shown increasing support for laws guaranteeing a pregnant woman's right to leave from the workplace and a woman's right to abortion over the past decades. Option B is not supported by any empirical evidence and is hence incorrect.

Question 17

People heavily exposed to pornography are ________ likely to accept the rape myth and are ________ likely to perceive their own sexual partner as attractive.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that people heavily exposed to pornography are more likely to accept the rape myth, which perpetuates the idea that victims are to blame for their assault. These individuals are also less likely to perceive their own sexual partner as attractive, as they may develop unrealistic expectations from consuming pornography. Research has found that people heavily exposed to pornography are more likely to accept the rape myth, which perpetuates ideas that victims are to blame for being raped, and are less likely to perceive their own sexual partner as attractive.

Question 18

Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of

Accepted Answer

Prejudice involves a set of beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to act towards a person or group based on their perceived characteristics or membership in a particular social category. These beliefs and emotions can be positive or negative, and can lead to discriminatory behavior towards the target group. Prejudice is a negative attitude or belief about a particular group of people. It involves a three-part mixture of beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action. Beliefs refer to the stereotypes or generalizations we make about a group, emotions refer to the negative feelings we have toward that group, and predispositions to action refer to the behaviors we are likely to exhibit as a result of our beliefs and emotions.

Question 19

Our attitudes about another person are MOST likely to influence the way we treat that person if our attitudes are

Accepted Answer

The answer of Our attitudes about another person are MOST...

Question 20

People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as

Accepted Answer

The bystander effect is the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to give aid in an emergency situation when there are other observers present. This is because individuals tend to assume that someone else will take responsibility for the situation. The bystander effect is the phenomenon in which people are less likely to offer help when there are many other people present. This is because they assume that someone else will take responsibility, so they do not feel as much personal responsibility to act.

Quiz 14: Stress and Health