Question 1

In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

Jason is conforming to the expectations of his future bride's family because he wants to win their favor, which is an example of normative social influence. He is conforming to the expectations set by the family in order to gain their approval and acceptance, rather than because he believes his actions are the right thing to do. Jason's behavior illustrates normative social influence, as he is conforming to the expectations of his future bride's family in order to gain their approval and favor.

Question 2

Who emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development?

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development as a key factor in his humanistic approach to therapy. He believed that individuals thrive when they receive acceptance and empathy from others, especially in their formative years.

Question 3

Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in

Accepted Answer

The bystander effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present. In this scenario, Mr. Hughes assumes that someone else will provide help to the swimmer in distress, illustrating the bystander effect. Mr. Hughes' reluctance to provide help because he assumed that someone else would do it is an example of the bystander effect, which refers to the finding that people are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present.

Question 4

Students perceive themselves as less likely than the average classmate to develop drinking problems or drop out of school. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This is an example of unrealistic optimism, which is the tendency for people to believe that negative events are less likely to happen to them, and that they are less likely to experience negative outcomes than others. This is likely influenced by a variety of cognitive biases including the self-serving bias and the optimism bias. This is an example of unrealistic optimism, which refers to people's tendency to believe that they are less likely than others to experience negative events or consequences. In this case, students perceive themselves as less likely to develop drinking problems or drop out of school than their average classmate, suggesting that they believe they are somehow immune to these issues.

Question 5

Bonnie pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on nearby equipment. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Social facilitation refers to the improved performance of well-learned or dominant responses in the presence of others, which is what is happening when Bonnie is pedaling faster when other patrons are working out nearby. The bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when others are present. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency for people to comply with a smaller request before agreeing to a larger one. Group polarization refers to the strengthening of a group's pre-existing attitudes through discussion within the group. Social facilitation refers to the tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their performance can be evaluated. In this scenario, Bonnie is pedaling faster on the exercise bike, indicating an improvement in her performance, when others are present and working out nearby. This suggests that the presence of others is facilitating her performance on this simple task.

Question 6

The stability of personality during adulthood best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

The stability of personality during adulthood can most accurately be explained by trait theories, which suggest that personality traits are relatively stable over time and across situations. Trait theories propose that individuals possess enduring characteristics that help explain consistency in behavior and are also useful in predicting future behavior.

Question 7

Max fails to recycle his glass, metal, and plastic garbage because he thinks it's personally inconvenient and likely to have minimal impact on the city's already overflowing landfills. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics of

Accepted Answer

Max's behavior exemplifies a social trap, which occurs when people prioritize their personal interests over collective interests, resulting in a negative outcome for all individuals involved. In this scenario, Max's failure to recycle may seem personally convenient, but it contributes to the city's overflowing landfills, negatively impacting the environment and other individuals' well-being. This behavior exemplifies how an individual's pursuit of individual self-interest can lead to a negative outcome for all individuals involved. Max's behavior represents the classic example of a social trap, where individuals pursue their own self-interests, leading to negative collective outcomes for society as a whole. His decision not to recycle is due to the personal inconvenience he feels, but this means the city's landfills will continue to overflow, causing harm to the environment and community.

Question 8

After experiencing prolonged and seemingly inescapable physical abuse from her husband, Kayla became increasingly depressed and hopelessly resigned to her suffering. Her reaction best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Kayla's reaction is similar to what is described as learned helplessness, a condition in which a person resigns themselves to a situation they believe they have no control over, even when opportunities for escape or change are present. Kayla's reaction of feeling hopeless and resigned to her suffering despite the physical abuse is indicative of learned helplessness, which refers to a state of passive acceptance of a negative situation due to repeated exposure to aversive events that are perceived as uncontrollable.

Question 9

Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the impact of

Accepted Answer

Cognitive dissonance theory explains how individuals experience psychological discomfort when their beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors are inconsistent with one another. Role playing can create a state of cognitive dissonance, where an individual may adjust their attitudes to align with their behavior in order to reduce discomfort. Therefore, cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the impact of role playing on attitude change. Groupthink pertains to conformity within a group, deindividuation relates to a loss of individual identity within a group, and social loafing deals with reduced motivation and effort in group situations. Cognitive dissonance theory explains the phenomenon of attitude change that occurs when people are confronted with information that contradicts their beliefs or values. For example, when people are asked to role-play and defend a position that is opposite to their own, they may experience cognitive dissonance and feel compelled to adjust their attitude to align with their behavior.

Question 10

When visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian was said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

The German civilian's reaction reflects the just-world phenomenon, which is the tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that individuals get what they deserve. In this case, the civilian likely believed that the prisoners must have been terrible criminals to deserve such treatment, rather than recognizing the unjust and inhumane conditions that the prisoners were subjected to. The German civilian's remark reflects the just-world phenomenon, which is the tendency for people to believe that the world is fair and that individuals get what they deserve. In this case, the civilian is rationalizing the mistreatment of the prisoners by assuming that they must have been terrible criminals to deserve such treatment, rather than acknowledging the injustice and inhumanity of the situation.

Question 11

After being heavily exposed to X-rated films, men are later ________ likely to perceive extramarital sex as troubling and ________ likely to perceive a woman's friendliness as sexual interest.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that men who are heavily exposed to X-rated films are less likely to perceive extramarital sex as troubling and more likely to perceive a woman's friendliness as sexual interest. Exposure to X-rated films has been shown to desensitize individuals to sexual content, making them less likely to perceive extramarital sex as troubling. However, it can also lead to a hypersexualization of women and cause men to misinterpret friendly behavior as sexual interest. Therefore, the correct answer is less likely to perceive extramarital sex as troubling and more likely to perceive a woman's friendliness as sexual interest.

Question 12

The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of their river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes how the two racial subgroups had to put aside their differences and work towards a common goal of saving their town from flooding. This is a clear example of superordinate goals, which are shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. The situation described in the scenario is an example of the superordinate goals, as the threat of the river flooding requires both racial subgroups to work together towards a common goal, reducing the hostilities between them. This illustrates the impact of the Robber's Cave experiment and demonstrates that cooperation towards a common goal can reduce intergroup conflict.

Question 13

Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Freud's concept of

Accepted Answer

Freud's concept of repression states that our minds protect us from traumatic events by pushing them into the unconscious, where they cannot be consciously accessed. However, children who witness a parent's murder often have vivid and persistent memories of the event that defy this concept of repression. The concept of repression refers to the idea that people can unconsciously block out disturbing memories or emotions. However, children who have witnessed a parent's murder often have vivid and clear memories of the event, which challenges Freud's theory of repression.

Question 14

Participants in Milgram's obedience experiments were informed that they were involved in a study of

Accepted Answer

Milgram's obedience experiments were designed to study learning and how authority figures influence behavior. The participants were told they were participating in a study on memory and learning, and they were instructed to administer electric shocks to a confederate when the confederate gave wrong answers to questions. Milgram's obedience experiments were designed to study the effects of authority on learning and memory. The participants were told that the experiment aimed to measure the effects of punishment on memory retention. The study was not about aggression or altruism, although these factors did come into play during the experiment. Visual perception was not a significant factor in this study.

Question 15

Around the world, people describe others' personality traits in terms that are consistent with a set of factors called

Accepted Answer

The Big Five is a set of factors that comprise the most widely accepted and researched theory of personality traits. It includes five broad dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. These dimensions have been found to be consistent across cultures and languages, demonstrating their universality as a framework for describing personality traits. The Big Five is a set of personality traits that are consistently used across cultures to describe others' personality. These traits include openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Question 16

We can better predict drivers' behavior at traffic lights from knowing the color of the lights than from knowing the drivers' personalities. This best illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that situational influences, such as the color of traffic lights, have a stronger impact on drivers' behavior than their individual personalities. This highlights the importance of considering situational factors when trying to understand and predict human behavior. The situation of the traffic lights has a stronger influence on drivers' behavior than their personalities. This highlights the importance of situational influences. The other options (collectivism, spotlight effect, self-transcendence) are not relevant to the scenario described in the question.

Question 17

The MMPI was originally developed to identify

Accepted Answer

The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) was originally developed in the 1940s to identify emotional disorders, such as depression and anxiety, in psychiatric patients. It is still widely used today in clinical and research settings to assess personality and identify psychological disorders. The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) is a widely used personality assessment tool that was specifically developed to identify emotional disorders in individuals. It consists of a large number of statements that assess different psychological traits and states, which are scored and interpreted to provide insight into the person's personality and potential psychological problems.

Question 18

Kelly, a Republican, and Carlos, a Democrat, both believe that members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of other parties. Their beliefs best illustrate

Accepted Answer

Kelly and Carlos' belief that their own political party is superior to others is an example of ingroup bias, which is the tendency to favor one's own group over others. Kelly and Carlos' belief that their own political party members are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of other parties is an example of ingroup bias, which is the tendency to favor individuals who belong to the same group as oneself.

Question 19

Which theory best explains why the excitement that lingers after a frightening event can facilitate passionate love?

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory suggests that physiological arousal from one situation can be labeled and attributed to a different emotion depending on the situational context. In the case of passionate love, the physiological arousal that lingers after a frightening event can be labeled and attributed to feelings of excitement, which can facilitate attraction and desire towards another person. The two-factor theory proposes that emotions are made up of both a cognitive interpretation and a physiological response. According to this theory, physiological arousal from one stimulus can be attributed to another stimulus, leading to an emotional experience. In the case of passionate love after a frightening event, the physiological arousal from the fear can be misattributed to the romantic partner, leading to heightened attraction and passion.

Question 20

When a group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This scenario exemplifies group polarization, which refers to the tendency of group discussion to strengthen the initial attitudes of group members. In this case, the racially prejudiced students likely reinforced each other's prejudiced beliefs through discussion, resulting in even stronger prejudiced attitudes. Group polarization is the tendency for group discussion to strengthen a group's dominant point of view and produce a shift toward a more extreme position. In this scenario, the students started with racial prejudice and likely reinforced each other's beliefs during their discussion, leading to even more extreme prejudice.

Quiz 20: Insight, Language, and Memory: Exploring Cognitive Processe