Question 1

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by

Accepted Answer

Schemas are a central concept in Piaget's cognitive development theory. According to Piaget, schemas are mental structures that organize and interpret information. They are important because they help individuals to make sense of their experiences and understand new information. Piaget believed that as individuals develop cognitively, their schemas become more complex and sophisticated. Piaget's cognitive development theory is based on the concept of schemas, which are mental frameworks or structures that help individuals organize and make sense of information. Piaget argued that children actively construct their own understanding of the world around them through the development and refinement of their schemas. Thus, the importance of schemas is most clearly highlighted by Piaget's cognitive development theory.

Question 2

Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a(n) ________ psychologist.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Matsuko's research interest in the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on psychological adjustment suggest that she is studying developmental psychology, which focuses on the different stages of human development from infancy to old age. Dr. Matsuko's research interest focuses on the long-term effects of child-rearing practices, which is a central area of study in developmental psychology. This field of psychology explores how individuals develop across the lifespan in terms of their physical, cognitive, and emotional growth, as well as the factors that contribute to variations in development. Therefore, it is likely that Dr. Matsuko is a developmental psychologist.

Question 3

A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of

Accepted Answer

The child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false is an example of the child developing a theory of mind - the understanding that others may have beliefs, desires, and intentions that differ from one's own. This realization marks an important milestone in the development of social cognition and interpersonal understanding. Option A, object permanence, refers to the ability to understand that objects exist even when they are out of sight. Option B, egocentrism, refers to the tendency to view the world from only one's own perspective. Option D, stranger anxiety, refers to the fear of strangers that is exhibited by infants around 8-10 months of age as they develop attachments to familiar caregivers. The understanding that others can have beliefs that differ from our own is an indication of possessing a theory of mind, which is the ability to understand the mental states (like beliefs, feelings and intentions) of other people. Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. Egocentrism is the tendency to view the world only from one's own perspective, failing to understand that others may see things differently. Stranger anxiety is a fear of unfamiliar people.

Question 4

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issue of

Accepted Answer

The issue of whether maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood relates to the larger issue of stability and change, as it concerns whether or not certain behaviors and habits are fixed or malleable throughout the lifespan. The other answer choices are not as directly relevant to this particular issue. The issue of whether maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood pertains to the concept of whether individuals' personalities are stable and unchanging or whether they can be changed or shaped over time. This is the issue of stability and change. The other answer choices are not directly relevant to this issue.

Question 5

According to Erikson, older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the final stage of life is characterized by the challenge of achieving a sense of integrity versus despair. Older adults who have successfully navigated the previous stages of development and have a sense of integrity will be able to accept their mortality and approach the end of life with a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the final stage of life is focused on the challenge of integrity versus despair. Older adults who have achieved a sense of integrity are able to look back on their lives with a sense of satisfaction and acceptance, and are able to face the prospect of death with a sense of peace and completeness. This sense of integrity is characterized by a sense of wisdom, acceptance of one's life choices, and an ability to make sense of one's life experiences. Therefore, the answer is D, integrity.

Question 6

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style.

Accepted Answer

The statement is using a direct and controlling approach, indicating an authoritarian parenting style characterized by strict rules and punishment for disobedience. This style values obedience over communication and reasoning with the child. The statement reflects an authoritarian parenting style, which emphasizes strict rules and parental control over children's behaviors, without much communication or negotiation. The focus is on obedience and discipline, rather than understanding and supporting children's needs and feelings. This style is associated with negative outcomes such as low self-esteem, poor social skills, and behavioral problems.

Question 7

Studies of the relative impact of nature and nurture on human differences in aggressiveness best illustrate the research efforts of

Accepted Answer

Behavior geneticists are interested in the relative contributions of nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) to individual differences. Therefore, studies of the impact of nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) on human differences in aggressiveness fall under the research efforts of behavior geneticists. The question refers to the relative impact of nature (genetics) and nurture (environmental influences) on human differences in aggressiveness, which is a key focus of behavior genetic research. Freudian psychologists are more focused on the influence of unconscious thoughts and emotions on behavior, evolutionary psychologists focus on how adaptations have shaped behavior over time, and social learning theorists focus on the ways that people learn from and model the behavior of others.

Question 8

The preferred age for retirement is quite different in Mexico than in Western Europe. This best illustrates that ________ differs from culture to culture.

Accepted Answer

The concept of the social clock refers to cultural expectations about the timing of important life events, such as retirement. The fact that the preferred age for retirement differs between Mexico and Western Europe demonstrates that the social clock, and therefore cultural expectations, can differ from culture to culture. The concept of the "social clock" refers to the culturally preferred timing for life events such as marriage, having children, and retirement. The fact that the preferred age for retirement differs between Mexico and Western Europe shows that the social clock varies across different cultures.

Question 9

Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of

Accepted Answer

Adam returns to his mother's side briefly, indicating that he is using her as a "secure base" from which to explore his environment, which is a key characteristic of secure attachment. Object permanence, egocentrism, and conservation are not relevant to this scenario. Adam's behavior of periodically returning to his mother's side for brief moments while exploring the toys in the dentist's waiting room suggests that he has formed a secure attachment with his mother. Securely attached children use their parents as a secure base to explore new environments and return to their parents for comfort and reassurance when they encounter something new or unexpected. This behavior is consistent with the characteristics of a secure attachment, which is often formed when parents are consistently responsive to their child's needs and provide a secure base from which the child can explore the world around them.

Question 10

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of

Accepted Answer

Mark's belief about slow but steady shaping process is related to the issue of continuity and stages, which explores the question of whether development is a gradual, continuous process or involves distinct stages. Mark's belief suggests that language development is continuous and gradual. Mark's belief about language development involving a slow but steady shaping process is most relevant to the issue of continuity and stages, which refers to the debate in developmental psychology about whether development is a continuous process or occurs in distinct stages. Mark's perspective suggests a more continuous process of development rather than abrupt changes and stages.

Question 11

Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the

Accepted Answer

The placenta is the organ that forms during pregnancy and connects the developing fetus to the mother's uterine wall. Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from the mother's bloodstream to the fetus through the placenta. The placenta is a specialized organ that develops during pregnancy and allows for the transfer of nutrients, oxygen, and other molecules from the mother's bloodstream to the developing fetus. This is what provides the developing fetus with the necessary nutrients and oxygen to grow and develop properly. Embryo refers to the early stage of development and is not involved in nutrient transfer. Ovaries are the female reproductive organs but are not involved in nutrient transfer to the fetus. Teratogens are substances that can cause birth defects or other developmental abnormalities in the developing fetus but are not involved in nutrient transfer.

Question 12

Two individuals are most likely to differ in personality if they are

Accepted Answer

The answer of Two individuals are most likely to differ...

Question 13

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development suggests that during adolescence, individuals develop a sense of identity by exploring different roles and gradually integrating them into a coherent sense of self. Role confusion occurs when an individual is unable to do so, resulting in a lack of understanding or a sense of uncertainty about who they are. Jessica's different behaviors with her parents and friends suggests she may be experiencing role confusion, as she may not have integrated these different roles into a coherent sense of self. Egocentrism and insecure attachment are other issues that may arise during adolescence but are not reflected in the given scenario.

Question 14

Infants' tendency to gaze longer at novel stimuli than at familiar ones provides compelling evidence regarding their

Accepted Answer

Infants' tendency to gaze longer at novel stimuli than familiar ones is an indication of their interest in novelty - this is used as an indirect measure of their mental abilities such as perception, attention, and memory. It is not related to self-concepts, egocentrism, or stranger anxiety. Infants' tendency to gaze longer at novel stimuli than at familiar ones suggests that they have the mental ability to distinguish between what they have seen before and what is new. This is evidence of their cognitive development and perceptual abilities.

Question 15

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's moral development theory proposes that individuals go through three stages of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. People at the postconventional level believe that moral principles transcend the individual and society, and their moral judgments are based on universal human rights and ethical principles. Mark's belief that violating government laws is justifiable when it is done to protect the lives of innocent people indicates that he is reasoning at the postconventional level, where moral principles and protecting human life are prioritized over obeying laws. Kohlberg's theory of moral development includes three levels and six stages. The postconventional level (stages five and six) involves a more principled and internalized sense of morality, with individuals recognizing that laws and rules can be unjust and may need to be challenged. Mark's belief that violating laws to protect innocent lives is morally justifiable reflects this postconventional level of morality.

Question 16

A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every 3 years as they progress through school is conducting a(n) ________ study.

Accepted Answer

A longitudinal study follows the same group of individuals over a period of time, which fits the scenario described in the question. B and C are not applicable because the question does not mention manipulating variables or comparing different age groups. D is incorrect because the study is not focused on chronological age. A longitudinal study involves following a group of individuals over an extended period of time and assessing them at multiple time points. In this case, the researcher is administering the personality test to the same children every 3 years as they progress through school, which fits the definition of a longitudinal study. Cross-sectional studies, on the other hand, involve comparing groups of individuals at a single point in time, and experimental studies involve manipulating variables to test cause-and-effect relationships. Chronological is not a relevant term in this context.

Question 17

Identical twins who have separate placentas are somewhat less similar than identical twins who share a placenta. This best illustrates the influence of on development.

Accepted Answer

The variation in prenatal environments between twins with separate placentas can lead to differences in their development and behavior, making them less similar than identical twins who share a placenta. Identical twins who have separate placentas may experience slightly different prenatal environments, such as variations in blood supply and oxygen levels. These subtle differences can affect their physical and cognitive development, making them somewhat less similar than identical twins who share a placenta. This highlights the significant influence of prenatal environments on development.

Question 18

Chromosomes are composed of

Accepted Answer

Chromosomes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living organisms. Chromosomes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, which carries genetic information.

Question 19

Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a

Accepted Answer

The child's judgment suggests a lack of understanding of the principle of conservation, which is the understanding that transforming the physical appearance of a substance does not change its amount, volume, or mass. This concept is often not fully developed until around the age of seven. Object permanence refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, and habituation refers to the process of becoming accustomed to a repeated stimulus. Secure attachment refers to an emotional bond between a child and caregiver and is not relevant to this scenario. The child's belief that the inverted beaker holds less liquid indicates a lack of understanding of conservation, which is the concept that the amount of a substance remains the same even when its appearance or arrangement changes. The child may have object permanence, which is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, but this is not relevant to the situation. Capacity for habituation and secure attachment are also unrelated to the child's judgment about the beakers.

Question 20

A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a

Accepted Answer

A rite of passage is a public initiation ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another, often signifying the attainment of adult responsibilities and privileges. Examples of rites of passage include graduation ceremonies, weddings, and coming-of-age ceremonies in various cultures. A social clock refers to the societal expectations and norms for certain life events (e.g. getting married, having children) at certain ages. A critical period refers to a specific developmental window during which certain experiences are critical for normal development. The formal operational stage is a cognitive stage proposed by Piaget that occurs during adolescence and is marked by the development of logical thinking and abstract reasoning. A rite of passage is a ceremony or event that marks a transition from one stage of life to another, often from childhood to adulthood. It is a public initiation into adult responsibilities and status, such as a graduation or a religious ceremony like a bar mitzvah. A social clock is a cultural expectation of the timing of life events such as marriage and career progression. Critical period refers to a specific time period in development during which certain experiences are necessary for proper development. The formal operational stage is a stage of cognitive development described by Piaget where individuals develop abstract thinking and can think logically about hypothetical situations.

Quiz 20: Insight, Language, and Memory: Exploring Cognitive Processe